DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 



691 



placed in the tracks of the Penusyivania Railroad Company about a 

 year ago. Fig. 99 illustrates a steel cross-tie* with rail fastenings, in 



if 





Fit,'. 99. 

 Steel Tie and permanent way, London and Northwestern Railway, 1885. 



(From original inthe V. S. National Museum.) 



the collection. It is the opinion of the chief engineer of the Pennsyl- 

 vania Railroad that the iron tie will not be extensively used in America 

 as long as white-oak standard cross-ties can be purchased for $1 or less.t 

 An exhaustive report upon the iron cross-ties used by European rail- 

 ways, compiled by Russel E. E. Tralman, of the Engineering News, will 

 be found in the report of B. E. Fernow, chief of the Division of For- 

 estry, in Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Agricultural Department. 



* Presented to the I!. S. National Museum by Mr. P. W. Webb, general locomotive 

 superintendent London and Northwestern Railway, Crewe, England. ComparePlate 

 III (opposite page 1'24). Report of the l r . S. National Museum for 1886. 



t Seventy cents is the price paid for a white oak cross-tie 7 by 7 inches, 8^ feet long, 

 by the Pennsylvania Railroad in L890. 



