128 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893. 



rounding the Great Lakes; the Siouau stock, on the Missouri drainage; the Kiowan 

 stock, forming au intrusion from unknown source into the buffalo region of the 

 plains; the Shoshonean stock, covering the great interior basin and related to the 

 Aztecs of Mexico; the tribes of California occupying the acorn and pinon and bas- 

 ket-making area; the Piman and Yumau stocks about the Colorado mouth; the 

 Pueblo peoples in Arizona and New Mexico. These stocks enable the student to 

 exauiiue the relations that may exist between geography, ethnology, glossography, 

 and technography. All technical and biological regions are covered by this arrange- 

 ment, and all of the leading nationalities and tongues, and all of the characteristic 

 Indian arts are also represented. 



The result of this study is most interesting. In the supply of natural wants, the 

 various tribes have yielded to regional or geographic forces. This is well shown, 

 both in the plains of the great West and in the southern desert, and, indeed, 

 throughout the continent, as api)ears in comnariug Powell's map with Dr. Mer- 

 riam's bio-geographic map, published by the Department of Agriculture. Along the 

 eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains were formerly to be found Algonkian, 8iouan, 

 Kiowan, and Shoshonean tribes. Their languages were radically different. Their 

 tribal organizations, similar in plan, were still entirely unlike in their totemic sys- 

 tems. But the all absorbing occupation of buffalo hunting, combined with the 

 limitations of vegetal and mineral material, determined the diet, the dress, the house, 

 the tools, and the ])roducts of industry. That is, the materialistic activities were 

 controlled bj' the environment. 



SuperaiMed to this series of effects, as anyone could see at the Exposition, were 

 others of a more refined nature. The spiritualistic, metaphysical expressions in 

 these same specimens were overwhelmingly ethnical and linguistic. The arrow for 

 killing a buffalo must be of a certain material and form; nature determined that. 

 But the feathering, the streaking, the symbolism on thearrow, were distinct for each 

 tribe and tongue. The buffalo or bearskin robe was nature's gift to all, and it was 

 cured after the same general fashion. But the paintings were national, totemic, 

 special, almost independent of the environment. 



The Pueblo region teaches some interesting lessons in these same particulars. 

 Here are gathered also four stocks, the Shoshonean, the Tanoan, the Tewan, and the 

 Zufiian, differing essentially in language and totemic system and mythology. But 

 there are only certain articles of food to be had here naturally; the country lends 

 itself kindly to the cultivation of corn, beans, and pumpkins. The peculiar geolog- 

 ical formation, furnishing stone and adobe mud in abundance, almost forl);ide the 

 erection of other than one style of house, the pueblo. Clay of the tinest (luality 

 every where invited to the creation of pottery. As for textiles, the curious i)henom- 

 euon is presented of tribes preserving their old arts in new areas. This reuuirk 

 may be supplemented by the observation that the bringing of sheep to this region 

 by Spanish missionaries stimulated the trade of frame and loom weaving in all the 

 linguistic stocks alike. 



By the method of study pursued in this exhibit in Chicago, the lessons inculcated 

 by other stocks are emphasized. For instance, while the Moki or Hopi Pueblos of 

 northeastern Arizona are tenanted by Shoshonean tribes, the Utes, the Shoshones, 

 the Bannacks, and even the Couianches, are of the same linguistic family. Now, 

 in one of these is presented a buffalo-hunting people, in another an Indian of the 

 woods, in a third the man of the desert, Avith corresponding occupati(tns. The coun- 

 try has endowed and suggested the trades in each case. In one of the Hoju pueblos, 

 furthermore, two styles of basketry are to be seen that are unknown among the 

 other Shoshonean tril)es. One of them, the coiled ware, resembled in technique, 

 but not in material, that of the wild Apaches or the southern Californians. The 

 other is a wicker type, really unknown among other tribes hereabout but commoa 

 everywhere in North America east of the Mississippi. It is impossible to bring out 

 all the minor lessons taught in this first attempt ever made to briug the concepts of 



