678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893. 



mistrusts, in view of tlie open hostility shown them by the official class 

 throughout the country. 



Let us finish this sketch of Tibetau character by quoting what they 

 say of themselves, and we need not judge them more harshly than the 

 author of the Mani Kambum : 



The earliest inhabitauts of Tibet descended from a king of monkeys and a female 

 hobgoVdin, aud the character of the race partakes of those of its first parents; from 

 the king of monkeys (he was an incarnate god) they have religions faith and kind- 

 heartedness, intelligence, and application, devotion to religion aud to religious debate ; 

 from the hobgoblin, their ancestress, they get cruelty, fondness for trade and money 

 making, great bodily strength, lustfulness, fondness for gossip, and carniverous 

 instincts. (Land of the Lamas, p. 359.) 



III. 



ORGANIZATION — CONSANGUINE AL — POLITICAL — INDT STRIAL. 



Our preseut knowledge of Tibetan society is still too imperfect to 

 justify touching on this subject except with extreme caution. 



As far as I have been able to ascertain during my residence among 

 the Drupaor tent-dwelling tribes of Tibet, which, as previously stated, 

 I am led to believe represent the purest type of that race, and in which 

 the earliest form of Tibetau civilization has been well j)reserved, all the 

 members of a clan have no family name excejit that of the chief or clan 

 which is prefixed to their own. Thus, there are the Konsa. Chamri, 

 Arik, ^Nyam-ts'o, Chu, Su, Na, etc., clans, and individuals of these clans 

 are spoken of as Chamri Solo, Nyam-ts'o Purdung, Konsa Arabtan, etc. 

 While a man may marry a woman either of his own tribal name or one 

 of another, he may not a relative within at least three degrees, and 

 chiefs do not marry, I think, in their clans. The looseness of the mar- 

 riage relations, the difticulty of identifying people who are only known 

 by -surnames, such as Lobzaug, Dorjc, Drolma, etc., all names of Bud- 

 dhist origin, together with the habit of never using a person's name 

 when addressing him or her, aud the very marked disinclination of 

 this peoi)le, in common with most Asiatics, I may remark, of speaking 

 of their families or family affairs, make researches on this subject 

 extremely difficult. The fact that throughout Tibet not only polyandry 

 but also polygamy obtains, adds wonderfully to the confusion in which 

 the question of consanguineal organization is involved. 



Sarat Chandra Das (Narrative of a journey round Lake Yamdo, p. 

 73) says: 



In Tibet there are no social restrictions or hindrances to marriage. The rich may 

 bestow their daughters on the poor, the daughter of a poor man may become the 

 bride of the proudest noble of the country. 



The Annals of the T'ang Dynasty (T'ang shu, Bk., 221, quoted in 

 Land of the Lamas, p. 338) si^eaking of the T'ang-hsiang, a pure Tib- 

 etan tribe living in the seventh or eighth century, A. D., somewhere 

 near the western border of the Chinese province of Kan-su, says of 

 them : 



