NOTES ON THE ETHNOLOGY OF TIBET. 



679 



A son may marry his deceased father's or uncle's wife (or wives); a younger 

 brother his deceased brother's wife, but he may not marry a person of the same cog- 

 nomen as himself. 



Speaking of the Eastern Kingdom of women {Tung nil Tcuo), also a 

 principality of eastern Tibet of the same period, and of which the 

 people may have been Tibetans, the same work remarks that "the sons 

 take the family name of their mothers." (Land of the Lamas, p. 341.) 



In the more highly civilized portions of Tibet there is no trace of 

 family or tribal organization, nor is there any of castes. Certain fami- 

 lies in each district, town, or city have acquired wealth, and numbers 

 of them have held official positions — some in the church, others in the 

 state — for many generations past. Around them, or on the land granted 

 them by the state {jaghirs, they call such grants in India), live numer- 

 ous tenants, serfs {misser), or slaves in some i)arts of the country, but 

 they are held as membei'S of the family they serve, and the misser at 

 least are not bound to the land, but may move where they please. 



Butchers, those who cut up corpses, beggars, and criminals, are the 

 only persons at the present day who do not enjoy the same social priv- 

 ileges as are granted to the highest classes. Dyers and workers in 

 metal are also, in some localities, looked down on, and the ostracism of 

 these two latter classes is in all probability a result of continued inter- 

 course with India. 



As further bearing on the subject of relationship, it is interesting to 

 note that, while the Tibetan language is comparatively rich in words 

 expressing "father," "mother," "brothers," in relation to age, or to 

 sisters, uncles, and aunts, it has only one word for " nephew" or "niece," 

 and this is also used for "grandson" and "granddaughter," and it has 

 none to express "cousin," but the word pon (spun), "brothers," or 

 "brothers and sisters," is sometimes used to express this relationship. 

 (Land of the Lamas, p. 213.) 



The following table gives all the names for the various degrees of 

 relationshij) that I have been able to note, in the Lh'asan and the east- 

 ern Tibetan dialects : * 



Enaiish. 



Lh'asan. 



East Tibetan. 



Grandfather 



Grandmother 



Father 



Mother 



Father's brother. 

 Mother's brother. 



Aunt 



Stepfather 



Stepmother 



Son 



"Daughter 



Elder brother 



Younger brother 



Grandson 



Granddaughter . . 



Husband 



Wife 



Cousin. 



Aninyi 



Amnyi , 



Ap'a 



Ania 



Akeu 



Ajongzaugbo 



Aue , 



Ane 



Ane 



Bu 



Bumo 



Punjya 



Chung- wa 



Tsabo 



T.samo , 



Kyoga 



Kyonia 



Akeu-gi pugu (lit. 



"uncle's child''). 

 An6gi pugu (lit. 



"aunt's child"). 



Ap'a. 



Ania. 



Kuwo ch'e-wa. 



Kuwo ch'e-wa. 



Kuwo ch'e-wa. 



P'aya. 



Mava. 



Bu'. 



Bumo. 



Bui. 



Lo-ch'ung. 



Yangtsa. 



Yaugtsa. 



Jyeba. 



Jyemo or 2f amo. 



See, however, Jaeschke, Tib. Engl. Diet., s. v. clCung, et passim. 



