NOTES ON THE ETHNOLOGY OF TIBET. 711 



Smokers carry their tobacco in long- red leather pouclies (pi. 20, fig. 2), 

 or ill the black leather poaches iu general use in China (fig. 3). To 

 these are suspended a small metal or wooden fire bowl (figs. 4-6) and a 

 pipe cleaner. The pipe is usually carried passed through the belt, in 

 front of the i)ersou, and the pouch either hangs from the belt, or, when a 

 short pipe is used, it is stuck in the pouch and both are carried inside 

 the gown. 



Those among the Tibetans who smoke the water pipe use the Chinese 

 l)ipe, or else the short wooden hubble-bubble in use in Kashmir. The 

 tobacco used in water pipes is prepared in China, in Ssuch'uan and 

 Kan-su, that coming from Lan-chou, in the latter province, being con- 

 sidered the best; its preparation I have described in Land of the Lamas 

 (pp. 34-35). Dr. Hooker, iu his Himalayan Journals (ii, p. 152), tells us 

 that the Phii)unof Lamteng.in Sikkim, "was an inveterate smoker, using 

 a pale, mild tobacco, mixed largely with leaves of the small wild Tibetan 

 rhubarb, called 'chula.' Snuff, he says elsewhere (ii, p. 232), is little 

 used, and is principally procured from the plains of India." 



VI. 



AGRICULTURE — WEAPONS — HUNTING — MUSIC — DANCING. 



Throughout Tibet the only instruments of husbandry are the hoe and 

 the plow. The former is usually made entirely of wood. The handle, 

 about 30 inches long, is slightly curved, and on the natural bend at the 

 end of the handle is tied a pointed wooden blade (see Diary of a Journey, 

 etc., p. 362). The plow is of the same rude description, and is without 

 even a share in most parts of the country. It is drawn by one yak; a 

 yoke or stick resting on its neck is fastened to the plow. A man leads 

 the yak and another guides the plow, scratching slightly the soil. For 

 harvesting a rude sickle is used, consisting in a handle about 18 inches 

 long, in which a short iron blade is set at right angle. The flail is iu 

 use in some parts of the "country, but as a general rule the grain is 

 thrashed out by goats or i)ouies driven over it, and is afterwards 

 winnowed on the housetops. (See, for further information on the sub- 

 ject, C. H. Desgodins, Le Thibet, p. 397.) 



Irrigation is well understood in Tibet and is extensively used. (See 

 Pemberton's Eeport on Bootan, p. Q().) Among the Tibetans of North- 

 west Kan-su water is carried considerable distances across valleys in 

 troughs dug in logs supported by light trestlework, and this system 

 is also found in many jiortions of southern Tibet. The fields are usually 

 fenced either with brush, poles, or low stone walls. 



We((2)OHs. — The bow is apparently not a Tibetan weapon, as all those 

 in ut>e in the country are imported from China or Bhutan. The quiver, 

 bow case, and all the accouterments arc purely Chinese or Bhutanese 

 in style. The usual length of the Chinese bow {<lzu in Tibetan) is about 

 5 feet, and the arrow {da), 2 feet 6 inches. PI. 21 shows the best 

 arrangement of these articles. This specimen is a beautiful piece of 



