NOTES ON THE ETHNOLOGY OF TIBET. 717 



officers. The bit used throughout Tibet is a very light, hirge-riuged 

 suaffle, and the headstall and reins are of either rawhide or plaited 

 hair. A long iilaited rawhide rope is usually carried, tied to the sad- 

 dle, one end attached to the ring of the bit. Under the saddle are two 

 pads made of felt and covered with ornamented leather facings; those 

 of this saddle w^ere made in Poyul. These pads, which do not quite 

 touch along the upper edge, keep the saddle well off the horse's back. 

 Underneath them is a large blanket or a felt rug- which extends nearly 

 to the horse's tail. Sometimes, especiallj' in eastern Tibet, the whole 

 saddle is covered with a green cloth cover with a felt lining. 



Woolen saddle bags {sata), varying in size and in fineness of texture, 

 are used by most Tibetans when traveling; in them they carry all their 

 provisions. ISome of them are so closely woven that they are quite 

 waterproof. 



The Tibetans use rawhide and yak hair hobbles, with which they 

 fasten the two fore feet and one hind foot of their horses and mules. 

 Sometimes iron chain hobbles fastened with a padlock are used. This 

 latter kind of hobble is of Chinese make. 



The pack saddle, used alike on mules, horses, and yaks, consists of 

 two light wooden wings with a light wooden arch at each end, as seen 

 in pi. 26. On either side are two i)arallel sticks projecting about .3 

 inches beyond the arches. The girth, which is of wool, is fastened to 

 the lower stick, and the hair or rawhide ropes with which the load is 

 fastened on, passes over and under the upper one. When carrying 

 loads done up in rawhide so as to protect them from the weather (and 

 in this way all the tea and other valuable merchandise is carried), short 

 rawhide loops fastened to the loads by means of sticks fitting in small 

 slits made in the rawhide are x>assed over the end of the upper stick 

 of the saddle and the load hung by them. Crupper sticks, as well as 

 cruppers and broad breast straps of wool, are always used. The form 

 of pack saddle used in eastern Tibet and the Kokonor is a little larger 

 and heavier than that used in other parts of the country. Two rec- 

 tangular felt pads covered with coarse cloth {laica) are tied to the 

 saddle, and under these again are one or more felt rugs. (See Diary of 

 a Journey, etc., p. 108.) 



The Tibetans do not generally use riding whips: the end of the rope 

 tied to the bridle is used in its stead ; when they do, it is made with a 

 short wooden handle to which is tied a heavy lash about.lS inches long. 



Pilgrims traveling on foot usually have on their backs a light wooden 

 framework about 20 inches high, made of a couple of small twigs bent 

 into a rectangular shape; on this they tie their small load of baggage, 

 a similar frame tied to the lower part of the first one folds up against 

 it and holds the load in jjlace, and woolen straps pass over the bearer's 

 shoulders. This contrivance is called a k''ur-sMiif/. 



Women carrying water in the long narrow wooden barrels in use 

 throughout Tibet for that purpose, rest the bottom of the barrel on the 

 thick folds of their gown gathered above the waist, and i)assing a strap 



