NOTES ON THE ETHNOLOGY OF TIBET. 731 



those monks who have not only taken the highest theological degrees, 

 but who have also led a saintly life and become famed for their knowl- 

 edge. The word draba is used by Tibetans as a generic term for all 

 persons connected with the order, monks as well as lay brethren.* 



The usual dress of the lamas consists in a kilt reaching down to a 

 little above the ankle, a close-fitting waistcoat, similar to that worr by 

 the laity (see p. 087), and a shawl passed around the body, and the 

 left arm, the end thrown over the right forearm, so as to leave the right 

 shoulder and arm uncovered. The head is shaved and the lamas wear 

 no head covering except during church ceremonies or when traveling j 

 in the latter case they wear the same kind of hats as the laity and also 

 the same kind of clothes; and in the former, hats of yellow or red 

 color, varying in shape according to the school or sect to which 

 their convent belongs. Gelugpa lamas usually wear a high yellow hat 

 with a fringe, closely resembling the helmets worn by carabiniers. (pi. 32.) 

 It is called dja-ser or " yellow hat." t The clothes of the wealthier lamas 

 are made of tirma (see p. 699), on which are neatly sewed a few little 

 patches, as it is forbidden them to wear any but torn or worn-out stuffs. 

 Those of the poorer lamas are of pniT^t 



Emil Schlagintweit (Buddhism in Tibet, pp. 170-173) says of the dress 

 of lamas (he in all probability refers to those of Ladak) that "their 

 caps are made of double felt or cloth, between which are put charms. 

 The shaii^e of the cap varies considerably, but it is curious that they 

 are all of Chinese or Mongolian fashion, whilst the form of the robes 

 has been adopted from the Hindus. ' Most of the caps are conical with 

 a large flap, which is generally doubled up, but is let down over the ears 

 in cold weather. The head lamas wear a particular cap, generally low 

 and conical, and some head priests of western Tibet have an hexagonal 

 hat formed of pasteboard, and showing four steps diminishing toward 

 the top."§ 



Others wear a miter of red cloth oruamented with flowers of goUl worked in the 

 stnft". This latter kind of cap bears a remarkable resemblance to the miters of 

 Roman Catholic bishops. 



The gown reaches to the calves, and is fastened round the waist by a slender gir- 

 dle ; it has an upright collar and is closely buttoned up at the neck. In Sikkim the 

 lamas occasionally wear, slung round the shoulders, a kind of red and yellow striped 

 woolen stole. 



The inner vest has no sleeves and reaches to the haunches. The trousers are 

 fastened to the waist by a sort of lace running in a drawin g hem. In winter they 



* For a general knowledge of lamaic worship, I must refer the reader to C. F. 

 Kceppen, Die Religion des Buddha, Vol. ii , and Emil Schlagintweit, Buddhism in 

 Tibet, where a full account of the various religious ceremonies will be found; also, 

 for various interesting details, to Sarat Chandra Das, Indian Pundits in the Land of 

 Snow, and to Dr. L. A. Waddell's, The Buddhism of Tibet, now the standard work on 

 this subject. 



tDr. Waddell, op. cit., p. 196, shows 20 styles of lama's hats and cowls. 



t On the Gelugpa Sect, see Dr. Waddell, op. cit., p. 38. 



^ See for an illustration of this cap, Alex. Cunningham, Ladak, pi. 26. 



