732 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893. 



are woru over the larger gown as a better protection against the cold. In Bhutan 

 the lamas wear, instead of trousers, philibegs hanging nearly as far as the knee. 



The cloak is worn, in the way previouslj^ described, by all lamas; it 

 is their distinctive ecclesiastical dress. 



The costume of the nuns {ani) is in all essential particulars the same 

 as that of the monks; in fact, it is quite difficult to tell an old ani from 

 a man when one meets her with shaved head, a prayer-wheel in one 

 hand and alms bowl in the other, wandering- from house to house 

 begging. 



Other styles of headdress, as worn in eastern Til)et, are described in 

 my Land of the Lamas, p. 238. (See also Alex. Cunningham, Ladak, 

 p. 372.) 



The boots of lamas are of the kind previously described (p. 680), the 

 only peculiarity being as there stated, that the vamps are of white cloth 

 and the tops of red pulo. 



The costume worn by lamas in Tibet is, with slight modifications, the 

 same as that still worn in Nepal by Buddhist monks, and which was 

 originally the national costume of the inhabitants of that country, and 

 was probably borrowed from the latter by the early Tibetan monks. 



At religious ceremonies the priests wear * * * a close-fitting jacket called the 

 "chivasa" and a long skirt or petticoat called the "nivasa," which reaches to the 

 ankles, and which is gathered at the waist into a number of small plaits or folds. 

 The chivasa and nivasa are joined together into one dress at the waist, round which 

 there is wrapped an ordinary " kammerband" or thick-rolled waistcoat. (H. A. 

 Oldfield, Sketches from Nepal, ii, 140.) 



Eelicjious buildings.— UeligUms bnildings and monuments in Tibet com- 

 prise, (1) Gon/>a or monasteries; (2) X/ra-AVin// or temples; (3) Mch^od- 

 rten (pronounced cWiirten), literally "otteriugs receptacle," and perhaps 

 better known by their Indian name of chaitya, and tsa-tsa Wang, recep- 

 tacles for offerings called tsa-tsa-, (4) 2Lani walls, or piles of stones on 

 which are incised prayers or magic formulas; (5) Lab-tse, or heaps of 

 stones on the summits of mountain passes. 



The monasteries usually consist of rows of small houses of the usual 

 Tibetan style of architecture, built in close proximity to, and commonly 

 around, one or more temples. These houses consist of a dwelling, gen- 

 erally two stories high, a storehouse and a small courtyard. The 

 ground floor of the dwelling is used as a stable. The outside walls of 

 the houses are painted white, and those of the dwellings of high lama 

 dignitaries red. These houses belong to individual lamas, who .rent 

 portions of them to pilgrims or to resident lamas who have no homes of 

 their own. 



Around the whole monastery is usually a high wall, and the approach 

 to the main entrance is marked by rows of ch'iirteus and mani walls. 

 All lamas- residing within a gonba are entered on a register, and are 

 obliged, when duly qualified after a period of study, to take part in the 

 daily ceremonies performed in the house of assembly [duWang). In 



