NOTES ON THE ETHNOLOGY OF TIBET. 733 



cousicleratiou of this they are supplied daily with tea, and aiso receive 

 an annual allowance of barley. The lamas partake of their first meal 

 after noon, until which time they are only allowed to moisten their lips 

 with water. For this purpose they carry in their belts a little copper 

 or silver bottle sewed in a bit of trulc (see pi. 33, fig. 2). This one has 

 two brass bands around the mouth; it has a brass stopper, on the top 

 of which is a hole, through this passes a leather string, by which the 

 stopper is held in place. 



The temples {Wa-Wang) are throughout Tibet of a Chinese style of 

 architecture, the roofs being, however, flat, dirt covered ones, except in 

 some of the larger and more famous temples, where Chinese tiles, yellow 

 or blue, have been used. The orientation of the temples does not appear 

 to be a matter of much importance, as I have seen some facing south, 

 others facing east, but 1 do not remember having ever heard of any 

 lacing west. Schlagintweit [op. cit., p. 188) says: 



Tbe walls of the temples look toward the four quarters of heaven, aud each side 

 should be painted with a particular color, viz, the north side with green, the south 

 side with yellow, the east side with white, aud the west side with rod, but this rule 

 seems not to be strictly adhered to. 



Most temples, as a matter of fact, are painted red, and the columns 

 in front of them are also frequently painted of the same color. 



As to the interior arrangement of the temples, I must refer the reader 

 to Dr. Waddell's work (p. 287 et seq.) aud to Georgi's Alphabetum Tibet- 

 anum (p. 406 et seq.),m which latter work will be found a very detailed 

 description of the great temple of Lh'asa (the Jo k'ang). 



The ch'iirten or "receptacles for offerings" are built over the remains 

 of revered lamas, or else they are simply decorative or commemorate 

 some important event. When simply used as receptacles for offerings 

 they are filled with tsa-tsa, that being the name given to a small 

 clay cone which the Tibetans make m incalculable thousands in molds 

 and deposit in these ch'iirtens. In some parts of the country they build 

 little hutches of rough logs for this purpose. These are called tsa-tsa 



li'ang. 



These tsa-tsa are usually conical, in imitation of the form of the ch'ur- 

 en. In figs. 3, 4, and 5, of pi. 33, are depicted another variety of tsa- 

 tsa, flat and in the shape of a shrine. In one of these, which is 3 inches 

 long and about 2 wide, are 10 ttgures of gods in relief; in another is 

 Tsepamed (Amitayus), and in a third Tsongkapa is represented. 



The form of the chortens varies much more than that of their prototypes, the 

 stupas. The base of the stupa is a cylinder or cube, upon which a body shaped 

 like a cupola is set up. Stupas which have been broken down have been found to 

 be solid buildings, with a little shrine in the center only, in which has been deposited 

 the burnt bones of a human being, together with coins, jewels, and inscribed slabs. 

 The bones are sometimes inclosed in small cases made of the precious metals. 



In the Tibetan chortens this form has in general undergone considerable modifica- 

 tions. The unaltered ancient type has remained limited to the smaller chortens put 

 up in the temples. The principal difference between a stupa and chorten is that in 



