Appendix II. 



EEPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

 FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1894. 



Sir: Ethnologic researches have been carried fo^^Yard duriug the year in accord- 

 ance with act of Congress making provision "for continuing researches relating to 

 the Aniericau Indians, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.'' 



The i)rimary chisaificatiou of the work is to]iical, and the researches pertaining 

 to each subject are divided between field studies and office work as circumstances 

 require. The chief lines of activity relate to (1) archaeology, (2) descriptive eth- 

 nology, (3) sociology, (4) pictography and sign language, (5) linguistics, (6) myth- 

 ology, (7) psychology, and (8) bibliography, together with (9) publication, and the 

 ancillary exploratory and miscellaneous work. 



The classification of the work is more definite than the assignment of the person- 

 nel, since circumstances from time to time require the concentration of a large part 

 of the energies of the Bureau on one or a few subjects, and thus sjjecial assignm(>nts 

 are made with advantage to the work and, it is believed, without injury, and indeed 

 commonly with benefit, to the workers. 



EXPLORATION. 



The most extended exploratory work of the year was that of Mr. Cosmos Mindelefif 

 in connection with archaeologic surveys in the Pueblo country of New Mexico and 

 Arizona. He left Washington early in July, 1893, and, outfitting at Holbrook, Ariz., 

 proceeded to the Hopi villages of Tusayan, and toward the end of August to the 

 valley of the Little Colorado, which he explored in some detail. Contrary to 

 expectations this region was found to be poor in relics of the aborigines; only a few 

 small and unimportant ruins are scattered over the valley, and the sites were appar- 

 ently occupied for short periods only. It is noteworthy, that according to Hopi 

 tradition, it was along a valley tributary to the Little Colorado that the large tim- 

 bers used in the construction of the Spanish churches and mission buildings prior to 

 1680 were transported on the backs of Indians from San Francisco Mountains, nearly 

 100 miles away, and that this tradition appears to find corroboration in Mr. Minde- 

 ]eft''s observation of a party of Tusayan Indians transporting poles from the foot- 

 hills of the same mountains over the same route by the use of burros. The reason 

 for the dearth of ruins gradually became apparent as the explorations were con- 

 tinued; the topography about the Little Colorado and the character of the stream 

 itself are such that its waters could not be controlled for purposes of irrigation by 

 any means at the command of ancient pueblo builders; even modern engineering 

 skill has thus far failed to control the stream, although many eff'orts in this direction 

 have been made. 



Only at intervals are there flood plain lands suitable for primitive cultivation 

 and within easy reacli of irrigation devices, and in such places ruins are usually found. 

 This is notably the case near the old Sunset crossing, where, perched on the hills 

 overlooking the flood plain, can be seen the ruius often or more villages, the largest 

 of which would have accommodated a population of 200. The ground plan of this 

 village shows a number of rectangular rooms, the whole bearing a strong resera- 

 blauce to the plan of ruins found near the Tusayan villages. Tradition recites that 

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