282 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTOGRAPHY OF AMERICA. 



the jiew, relatively to tlie known world. Here the originals are, almost 

 without exception, modified typographically, and they are either wood- 

 cuts or cojtper engravings. Copies, however, are introduced of manu- 

 scripts and of iiainted globes. Where single charts, simply marine 

 charts, have been struck off, which, however, but seldom occurs, they 

 are given uncolored and without doctrinal reasoning or scientific signifi- 

 cance. For the information of the scholar, which it was necessary to 

 express in the third or fourth series, two series were requisite, partly 

 iu order to give an indication of the abundance of the theories, that 

 often changed as suddenly as they arose, and partly with a view to intro- 

 duce into this history all prominent or representative names. 



In order to subjoin to the discoveries as well as to the charts the 

 necessary explanations, inasmuch as they could only be given curso- 

 rily and summarily in a map, the second and sjjecial part of this paper 

 comprises a history of the voyages of discovery and exploration, and the 

 necessary material for charts, all of which is chronologically arranged.^ 

 The important points in a history of discoveries are not alone to clearly 

 set forth the more prominent incidents of the earlier voyages, and esj^e- 

 cially those of Colon, as also the names given to the discovered local- 

 ities, but likewise to give the sources of evidence, and opportunely, 

 works of critical research. In the course of the sixteenth century the 

 more real discoveries cease, and the more brief, generally speaking, are 

 communications and critical observations. The chronological series ol 

 charts that are accessible, in so far as they are geographical, possess a 

 certain value and are given with the utmost completeness possible. 

 Among them the principal works of Ilarrisse offer the most valid claims 

 to our recognition. I confidently believe that although this series is far 

 from being exhaustive, it will nevertheless be acceptable to those who 

 are interested in the too-little-cultivated history of cartography. The 

 works, too, are cited, as far as known to me, in which the respective 

 charts are to be found, either in facsimile or imitation. 



For a critical analysis and appreciation of the charts themselves, and 

 an understanding of their relation one to another, synoptical tables of 

 all the names and legends were requisite, the laborious preparation of 

 which may not appear in a brief statement, but the value of which 

 may be recognized from the few critical observations upon them. 



In the third series, charts 1 and 2 revert to a i)eriod anterior even to 

 the discovery of America by Columbus, in 1402. These are shown for 

 the purpose of giving expression to ideas and theories on the lines of 

 demarcation of countries which have had decided influence on poster- 

 ity, such, for example as the Zamoiski codex of 14G8 for Northern, and 

 Behaim's Globus of 1492, for Eastern Asia. The questionable Zeno 



' This history iu detail of the several voyages and of the charts is too voluininous 

 for trauslatiou here, covering about eighty pages of Petermauu's Mitteiluugeu. 



