MIGRATION AND THE FOOD QUEST. 525 



4. Ill tlie lines of greatest pull, or attraction, or supply from without. 



5. In the lines of greatest effort or volition subjectively viewed. 

 After all, it is the cheerful, hopeful migration, stimulated by desire 



and encouraged by propitious surroundings, allurements, and forces, 

 that effects new cultures. Doubtless shipwrecked mariners, lost wan- 

 derers, and outcasts have now and then left a hapi)}' thought or sngges- 

 tion upon receptive aboriginal minds; but these random surf beats are 

 not what Tennyson calls — 



The great waves that echo round the world: 

 FOOD AREAS AND FOOD SUPPLY. 



The greater part of the earth's surface Avas sterile and repellent as 

 abiding place to primitive man or to the living forms upon which he 

 depended, to wit: 



The deep sea, out of sight of coastal plains and meadows. 



The arid deserts, barren to man and jjlant and beast. 



The mountain tops, then as how, inaccessible and unproductive. 



The frigid zones, above the lines of food and furs. 



The great plains and prairies, away from waterways. 



The dense forests, jungles, tundras, and swamps. 



But all of these were provocative of migration and long journeys. 



Both man and his purveyors had to walk at first in those terrestrial 

 paths which had been marked out by Xature and provisioned for his 

 journeys. By following the trails of supply he got into the green pas- 

 tures and encamped by the still waters that invigorated him. It so 

 happened that the trade winds and gulf streams were conterminous 

 with the marine feeding grounds; that the inland rivers, bays, and 

 lakes on which he could journey with greatest facility were the catch- 

 ment basins of surrounding fertile lands and the feeding ground of 

 innumerable creatures yielding food to him in largest abundance. 



The rich meadows and valleys were the debris of degradation. Their 

 loam was once on the inaccessible tops of mountains and was only 

 halting a little way on its journey to the great littoral feeding grounds. 

 It was on this stream of dry land between mountain and shore that 

 great herds of ruminants were developed, and to them early men were 

 attracted for the easiest and most abundant means of support. 



The greatest natural food su^^ply for the least effort, with few excep- 

 tions, was in the water. This saying is true for all the five elements of 

 activity of which I have spoken previously, to wit : 



1. Exploitation. — The easiest food to take for human aliment is in the 

 waters. It frequently comes to man's hand spontaneously. 



2. Transformations. — The early manufactures, arts, industries, and 

 divisions of labor over the products of the sea are more varied than 

 those of hunting or gleaning. 



3. Transportation. — By far the easiest primitive conveyance of man 

 and transportation for the products of his activities were by water, and 

 even now water transport is the cheapest. 



