526 MIGRATION AND THE FOOD QUEST. 



4. Barter. — The oldest form of money, tlie world over, is sliells from 

 the water. For the most part primitive folk do not go far away from 

 the water and the greatest cities are most accessible thereto. 



5. Consumption. — The preparation and serving of sea food, in variety, 

 iu persistence throughout the year, in relation to cooking, drying, salt- 

 ing, and smoking, answer the demands of human desire as well as 

 either of the others mentioned. And much of it is eaten raw. 



FOOD AND MIGRATIONS IN AMERICA. 



In the Korth American Eeview of October, 18G!>, and January, 1870, 

 the IJon. Lewis H. Morgan wrote upon Indian migrations over the 

 continent of America as influenced by existing physical conditions, 

 principally food supply. ' Because the region about the mouth of the 

 Columbia Eiver was possessed of the most abundant materials of this 

 character, IMr. Morgan made that the starting point of migration over 

 the continent and worked out a scheme for the movements of the prin- 

 cipal stocks of aborigines. 



I propose to take up the investigation of the distinguished ethnolo- 

 gist by the aid of such new light as the studies of twenty-five years 

 have acquired. .Vt present we may leave the question of the spread of 

 stocks in America to the eminent gentlemen of the Bureau of Ethnol- 

 ogy and to other scholars who are on the list of honorary members of 

 our Anthropological Society, and inquire whether there be a practicable 

 route from Indo Malaysia to the Columbia lliver or to any other point 

 near by on the North Pacific Coast.- 



THE ROADS TO AMERICA. 



There are two possible routes from Asia to America, one of which 

 has been often discussed; the other is, so far as I am aware, to be now 

 for the first time proposed. 



The first mentioned is the Arctic or hyperborean route, across that 

 culture region, or oikoumene, which I have elsewhere denominated the 

 interhemispheric area. It is the land of dogs and reindeer, of snow 

 and snowshoes, of fur clothing, marine and Arctic mammal food, under- 

 ground dwellings, birch trees, and the arts springing therefrom, skin 

 and bark boats, harpoons, sleds, all the way uninterruptedly from 

 East Greenland to the Laud of the Midnight Sun, in Norway. This 

 might be called the land or the suow-and-ice route. 



The route which I now propose might have been nearly all the way 

 by sea. It could have been a continuously used route for centuries. 

 Until interrupted by later civilizations, it might have been traveled 

 over for thousands of years. It lies absolutely along a great circle of 



'Cf. Merriam's Dept. of Agriculture Bulletins, Ms address iu the Nat. Geog. Mag., 

 VI, and Allen's Geographical Distrihiition of Mammals, Bui. Am. Mus. Nat., iV, 

 199-244, with Po^Yel^s linguistic map, iu regard to the coexistence of certain fami- 

 lies of animals and plants with families of ahorigines. 



•Cf. J. W. Powell, linguistic map, VII, Ann. Rep. Bur., Ethnol. ; and D. G. Briu- 

 ton, The American Race, N. Y., 1891, Hodges. 



