598 THE METHODS OF ARCH^OLOGICAL RESEAKOH. 



shall fiiiil luiiiiaii arts still in their very iniaiicy, and so far as we laiow 

 and can Jndi^o, the arts of these races have remained unchanged and 

 unaltered since those primitive times, Avhen the Australians first intro- 

 duced the dog into Australia, which means, when the Australian 

 animals were still living, while we shall iind among the very backward 

 Bushmen and Eskimos a power of drawing animals, etc., comparable 

 with that of the cave men, and languages remarkable for their strncture 

 and capacity. 



A third lesson which we learn is that it is (pute possible, and in fact 

 an everyday occurrence, for two civilizations which liave reached very 

 different stages to coexist alongside of each other contemporaneously 

 in the same area. Tlie Australian and the Englishman live alongside 

 of each other, as the Lapp and the Norwegian; nay, to come nearer 

 home, as the gypsy and the sedentary Oxford professor; and we are 

 led from this fact to the induction which has been too often forgotten 

 or overlooked, that the same thing nuist always have been. We talk 

 of a Stone age, of a Bronze age, and of an Iron age, and these are 

 excellent terms when we ai^ply them to some particular area like Scan- 

 dinavia, to which they were iirst applied; but they are nusleading 

 when universally applied. Many savages are still living, or were quite 

 recently, in the Stone age, the Shell age, or the Wooden age, like the 

 Australians, the Marquesan Islanders, and the Indians of the Amazons, 

 while alongside of them were living tlie emigrants from Europe, who 

 were not only living in the Iron age, but had learned to harness steam 

 to iron, and to nuiltiply human labor tenfold. Not only so, but it is obvi- 

 ous in such cases that there may be a great junq) in civilization from a 

 very low to a very high step on the ladder without the necessity, or the 

 possibility even, of intermediate steps. A Bronze age or a Copper age is 

 not at all unlikely to intervene between the hewers of rude stones or of 

 polished stones in the Pacitic and in many parts of America and their 

 adoption of iron; and, in fact, it may be said that the stage we some- 

 times associate with Baleolithic man (very wrongly, as I think), namely, 

 that in which the Tasinanians and Australians lately lived, may be 

 immediately followed by an Iron age. I say wrongly, because we can 

 not argue that the men who lived in our prehistoric caves and were 

 contemporaries of the mammoth, whose portrait they scratched on 

 ivory, Avere the same race as the low type of men discovered in Tasma- 

 nia. Diogenes was a philosopher, and not a dog, as he called himself, 

 although he lived in something very like a kennel, and the men who 

 invented and elaborated the Vedanta philosophj^, although living with 

 the simplest surroundings, are not to be measured with the untutored 

 and unreclaimed wild hunters of the Kurdish Mountains, among whom 

 the arts of life are at least as much advanced. 



Let us now apply this lesson a little more concretely to the compli- 

 cated story of human progress. If we take our archaeological telescope 

 and look back through the avenues of time, we shall reach a period 



