THE METHODS OF ARCH^OLOGICAL RESEARCH. 599 



when the great civilizatious of the world were still incubating, and 

 when in Europe, in north Africa, and in Asia the many scattered 

 tribes were living very much as we can see tribes living now in savage 

 countries, some by hunting, some by fishing, and some, no doubt, 

 leading a pastoral life. This stage in Eurojie and its borders is marked 

 archffiologically by what we call the paleolithic or antediluvian man. 

 Some have compared him with the Eskimo, because the Eskimo, 

 like him, lias artistic instincts and can draw well, and because his sur- 

 roundings are supposed to have been of an Arctic character. All this 

 is very doubtful and, in fact, misleading. So far as we know, the cave 

 man of Europe was com])letely exterminated, as his companions, the 

 mammoth and the hairy rhinoceros, were, and has left no descendants. 

 His remains as found in the caves are cased with stalagmite, which 

 effectually separates them from their successors. The immigrants who 

 succeeded them are recognized by their long, narrow skulls, by their 

 employing domesticated animals and cultivated plants, and by their 

 burying their dead in long barrows. Whence they came we can not 

 positively say, but we may reasonably conjecture it was from some 

 country where the animals and plants just named were indigenous in 

 the wild state. In their graves in Britain no metal objects have been 

 found, no tangled or barbed arrowheads, while the pottery is of the 

 rudest character, marked by cylindrical shapes. 



In one respect these long mounds present us with a puzzle. We can 

 hardly doubt that among barbarous races few things are more likely 

 to have been closely studied and more important than the ritual of 

 burial, and yet we find the practices of burial and of cremation both 

 in vogue. It has been thought that the two practices were, in fact, 

 contemporary from the commencement. In this I can not agree. In 

 the south of England burial was almost universal among the long bar- 

 row men. In Scotland, on the contrary, cremation; but Mr. Anderson 

 has shown that even there burial seems to have preceded burning, and 

 it seems to me that burning the dead bodies was distinctly an innova- 

 tion introduced by the men who had succeeded those with the long 

 heads, and that originally it was unknown among these men. Again, 

 there is another curious distinction, which is apparently a superficial 

 one. When stone was not'to be had the bodies were laid in the ground 

 in a more or less crouching attitude and covered in. Otherwise, cham- 

 bers were built up of bowlders or other rough stones, which were 

 approached by long galleries open to tbe outside, apparently simulating 

 underground dwellings, in whicli whole families or clans were buried. 

 These again were supplanted when the new men with round heads 

 came in by stone boxes or cists closed all round, the introduction of 

 which was, in general, coincident with that of burning, although there 

 was undoubtedly some overlapping. Who, then, were these long-headed 

 men? The early long-headed race of Britain hns, according to fair evi- 

 dence, left its trace in Europe in the long-headed, dark-skinned, black- 



