824 MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF EUPHRASIA. 



not strictly so ; they are always toothed, and are usually narrower 

 than the bracts, and have a narrower base ; the lowest pair usually 

 have but one tooth on either side, the next pair two teeth, the 

 number of teeth increasing in the upper series, the uppermost pair 

 usually having the same number as the lowest pair of bracts. The 

 teeth of the leaves and bracts vary in number, position, form, and 

 furniture, and afford valuable specific characters. The teeth of the 

 leaves are usually blunter than those of the bracts, and the greater 

 the number of teeth the broader the base of the bract. The number 

 of teeth varies from one to ten. The edges of the leaves and bracts 

 are very frequently recurved. The upper bracts are commonly more 

 plentifully furnished with glandular hairs in the glandular species. 

 A secretion of carbonate of lime is frequently found on the upper 

 surface of the leaves and bracts ; I have seen it abundantly in 

 E. Scotica. The bracts are morphologically and anatomically 

 similar to the leaves. Prof. Wettstein is of opinion that the 

 species with fewer teeth represent the older forms. 



The Flowers are always solitary in the axils of the bracts. 

 The peduncle in all the European species is so short as to merit the 

 term subsessile. In some extra-European species, as in E. Zelandica 

 and E. cuneata, the flowers are distinctly stalked. 



The Calyx is always four- toothed, the teeth varying little in 

 form, except in breadth, length, and termination ; they are more or 

 less acute, and they are often awned. In some species the calyx 

 increases in size by growth after flowering. It does so in E. lati- 

 folia, and in K. pectinaUi, &c., the furniture of the calyx is very 

 similar to that of the bracts. The position of the fifth or abortive 

 tooth is probably next the axis. 



The Corolla. — This organ varies considerably in size, though 

 not much in form, in our native species. Prof. Wettstein places the 

 European species in three groups, the first two of which — GrmuU- 

 flurm and FarviflorcB — are distinguished by the comparative size of 

 the corolla. In the latter group there are species which have an 

 intermediate-sized corolla, and the physiological character of the 

 flowers of these differs from that of the rest of the Parvijionr as 

 well as from all the species in the GrancUjior<s, a difference which 

 will be noticed later on. The third group — Anfjustifulue — all have 

 a small corolla. The corolla is always tubular, and is excluded in 

 the large and included in the small flowering species. The tube is 

 curved or straight. The upper lip is two-lobed, the under lip is 

 three-lobed. The lobes of the upper lip are more or less united 

 below, and form a protective hood over the anthers ; a portion of 

 the upper and outer margin of the lobes is more or less recurved 

 in all the European species ; the apex of the lobes is erose or 2- or 

 3-dentate. The lobes of the lower lip are usually emarginate ; the 

 five divisions represent five 3-nerved leaves. Prof. Wettstein calls 

 attention to the additional nerve in the angles of the divisions of the 

 corolla, which he thinks is a provision against the tearing of the 

 corolla by insect visitors. White, red, blue, and violet, in various 

 shades, are the colours which are exhibited in the corolla, the 



