Vul. XIX.-j Hall, I'hc Tasiiunnaii ami New Zealand Cruups. 283 



tralia, or New Zealand. It is ])eing artificially introduced in New 

 Zealand, Victoria, and Tasmania. Meriila, strangely enough, is 

 native to Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands (Map C, /, 6'). \Wi- 

 dently it has got through from Asia without touching Australia. 



The distribution of certain Gallinago (the Snipes) is shown in 

 Map F (1-6). Tlie work of isolation is shown in 2-5. Species 

 I and 6 annually migrate to Asia {Emu, x'ix., part 2, p. 84, Map V.) 

 In 2-5 there is no migration, and they are so tame as to l)e 

 caught by hand. 



Australia has ten species of Fly-eaters {Geyy<^uiu'), and not one 

 in Tasmania. New Zealand has three. The stronghold is in 

 north-eastern Australia, and apparently emigration was west 

 along one line through northern Australia and southward down 

 the coast of eastern Austraha. Only one of the ten got into 

 Western Australia, and that via Victoria along the southern line 

 and South Australia through the western line of expansion in the 

 south (Map G, 6, 7). New Zealand has three. Lord Howe two, and 

 Norfolk one. These si^, with one exception, have characters of 

 different islands shown in Map G, 1-5. 



Zosterops (the White-eye) is found both in Tasmania and New 

 Zealand (Map H, a). Z. dor salts is .an immigrant from Tasmania 

 in recent time. Zosterops on Lord Howe Island {b) and Norfolk 

 Island (c) are stamped with island characters as different species. 

 -The tendency to get variety in one's clothes is further shown in 

 Kangaroo Island [c] Z. hahnalurina, though its isolation is recent. 

 Continental species making is shown in Z. goiildi {d) getting away 

 from the type (Z. dorsalis). When they are subject to marked 

 differences in land temperatures and foods we see it in Z. dorsalis 

 {(i) on one side of the continent and Z. liilea (/) on the other, having 

 all opposing conditions and barriers troublesome enough to check 

 many other genera. Z. Icphropleura [g), so far as climate and food 

 are concerned, might well he Z. strenna (h). Three other species 

 (li) confine themselves to the north in a climate and with foods 

 altogether difterent from those of Tasmania and New Zealand. 

 The furthest south of Z. dorsalis is Campbell Island. 



Punts is the stock genus of true Titmice, distributed (Map 1'^, c) 

 well over the northern hemisi)liere. P. saltria is the next of kin, 

 and is found only in Java [d). After that the family Paridce is 

 still represented l)y Ccrthiparus in New Zealand {a) and by 

 Sphenostoma (Wedgebill) and Xerophila (Whiteface) in Australia 

 {b). These latter two live in the dry parts, and have shown no 

 inclination to cross the cooler belt of southern Victoria and pass 

 over to Tasmania. In consequence, the family is unrepresented 

 there. 



Map J sliows tlie distribution of the Starhngs. Tasmania has 

 the European species {SI urn its vitlgaris) introduced and increasing 

 rapidly (i). Queensland has a native species {Aplonis metalUca) (2). 



