70 ORTHOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN PIGEONS. 



tertials, all of which have about the same color at the tips and lateral edges as in 

 the adult. But farther down on the body the feather-tips lighten up, more or less, 

 and at least some few of the central barbs of the tip will show the lighter color. 



The third long covert (counted downward) of Turtur orientalis is compared with 

 the same feather of T. turtur in figures 2 and 3, plate 22. The rufous tip of orien- 

 talis is about 2 mm. wide, and it lightens up gradually, becoming cinnamon-brown 

 only at the very edge. There is no well-defined tip distinct from margins in the 

 particular feather drawn, but in the covert that grew next to it there is also a little 

 of the apex that is pale. The dark center is here much broader than the same 

 feather of turtur, but this center varies in extent and intensity in both species, 

 although the maximum in turtur is less than the minimum in orientalis. The Euro- 

 pean turtle-dove is losing these spots. 



In orientalis the primaries are also rather widely margined with rufous, and remind 

 strongly of young Ectopistes, which is similarly marked, though to a little less degree. 



Can we say, then, that the light edge seen in all the pigeons in the first feathers 

 indicates a turtle-dove ancestry? I still think so, although it can not be said that 



Explanation of Plate 20. 



The original feather color-pattern, as shown in a female Japanese turtle-dove, Turtur orientalis. 

 Figs. 1 to 18, x 1; figs. 19-24, x 2. Hayashi del., May 1903. All feathers from light side 

 of bird. 



Figs. 1 to 4. — A series running from before backward in the interscapular region of the back. All have a fulvous 

 margin, duller than on wing-coverts and scapulars. Shafts of feathers dark and whole feather gray, 

 darkening somewhat in distal half (this darkening is quite gradual, scarcely showing so strong a con- 

 centration as the artist represents). 



Figs. 5 to 8. — A scapular series running from front to rear end. Black and pointed centers here become stronger, 

 and red tips more clearly marked off. 



Figs. 9 to 16. — Wing-coverts: second row long coverts, counting from behind forward, running from above down- 

 ward, or from inner to outer to below middle of row. Here is the typical pattern for the turtle-dove 

 well defined. The blackish centers pale into brown-gray on Nos. 15 and 16. 



Fig. 17. — An upper long covert (first row). 



Fig. 18. — The same from a female hybrid between a male chequered homer and female Japanese turtle. Here the 

 fulvous turns into a dull cinnamon that blends with the gray-brown center, which is not sharply defined 

 in any of the feathers. 



Fig. 19. — First of second row of neck-spot, anterior end of row. 



Fig. 20. — Fourth of third row of neck-spot. 



Fig. 21. — Sixth of fourth row of neck-spot. 



Fig. 22. — Fifth of fifth row of neck-spot. 



Fig. 23. — Fourth of sixth row of neck-spot. 



Fig. 24. — Third of seventh row of neck-spot. 



The feathers of figures 19 to 24 have tips of gray. The black portion is seen but little if the feathers are drawn 



close. We have here the same dark center, obtusely pointed, and a gray tip instead of light or fulvous tip; this gray 



is a higher stage, and white is higher still. 



Explanation of Plate 21. 

 Feather pattern in the European turtle-dove, Turtur turtur. Figs. 1 to 17 x 1 ; figs. 18 to 23 x 2. 



Hayashi del., Apr. 1903. 

 Figs. 1 to 6. A series of back feathers (interscapulars). 

 7 to 10. A series of anterior scapulars. 

 11 to 16. Second row of long coverts, from above to below middle of row. 



17. Upper feather of upper row in neck-spot. 



18. Anterior feather of upper row in neck-spot. 



19. Third feather of second row in neck-spot. 



20. Fourth feather of third row in neck-spot. 



21. Sixth feather of fourth row in nock-spot. 



22. Fourth feather of fifth row in neck-spot. 



23. From mid-back of second row in neck-spot. 



In general this type stands above the Japanese turtle in (1) a reduction in area of the black center and in giving 

 it a sharper definition; and (2) in the whitish or very pale gray edges of the feathers of the neck-spot. 



