THE TURTLE-DOVE PATTERN IN THE PHYLOGENY OF PIGEONS. 107 



I find further that the wing is white along the outer edge, exactly as in the white- 

 winged pigeon (Melopelia leucoptera), and have had the undescribed color of the 

 eye (reddish orange) and the beak shown in color. Though this bird resembles 

 the white-wing in color, the head, beak, gait, and some of its behavior remind of 

 Columba flavirostris. 



Columba squamosa is not distantly related to C. gymnopthalma; in some charac- 

 teristics — particularly in the very considerable modification of many rows of feathers 

 of both the side and back of the neck to form a "cape" — it has closer relations with 

 a group of which C. leucocephala and C. speciosa are members. This "cape," which 

 extends upon the sides of the neck, is of metallic violet, each feather being distinctly 

 bordered with velvety maroon (pi. 47). The occurrence of these crescentic bars in 

 Columba is of interest. Occurring as it does also in association with a broad cape of 

 highly modified neck-feathers, it reminds strongly of Geopelia humeralis. These 

 two birds are, however, not near relatives. The remainder of the surface plumage 

 of C. squamosa is nearly uniform dark plumbeous, and no other feathers show any 

 trace of dark edges. 



Columba leucocephala, the white-crowned pigeon, has an iridescent cape, similar 

 to the above. Each feather is here neatly edged with a narrow black crescent. 

 The white crowns of these birds are somewhat different in the two sexes. The 

 crown is a "dirty gray" in the female. 16 It seems probable that a trace of this gray 

 color also persists in some of the side-feathers of the cape. The adult differences are 

 shown in plate 49. The body coloration of an adult male is elsewhere shown (pi. 

 57, Vol. II). 



The affinities of this species, as noted above, are with squamosa, leucocephala, 

 and speciosa. 



Columba speciosa has the "feathers of the neck regularly margined with dark 

 metallic green .... producing a regular scaly appearance." 16 The whole neck, 

 breast, and under parts are edged with dark — another instance of dark crescentic 

 tips in this group. 



On both the sides and back of the neck we have this same type of feather-edge, 

 but the type is here highly modified in an ornamental way. These "feathers of the 

 neck are regularly margined with dark metallic green, more or less with violet or 

 amethystine reflections, producing a regular scaly appearance; on the upper part 

 each feather has a white spot near the margin; on the lower hind-neck the white 

 spots are wanting and the feathers are chestnut in the middle." (Salvadori, page 

 282.) 



The back and wings are maroon (only brown in the female), with no dark cres- 

 centic edges. This bird does not, therefore, come very near the geopclias, but the 

 term "scallop-necked," which was applied to this species by Latham (Vol. Ill, page 

 26), reminds of Geopelia humeralis, which has a broad collar of orange-red (rufous), 

 each feather neatly edged with black. 



The young of this species has the neck-feathers edged with brown-black, with a 

 pale spot in the middle. The under parts are whitish, the feathers having dusky 

 edges. The wing-coverts have narrow pale edges. 



,S I find that in the 11-day-old young the crown is neither white nor whitish, and scarcely differentiated from the 

 general plumage. Hero, again, the juvenal color (of the crown) more nearly approaches the adult female. 

 16 A figure in Temminck and Knip, Vol. I, p. 39, pi. xiv 



