126 ORTHOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN PIGEONS. 



In No. 1 the character has made greater progress, appearing in both sexes in 

 the first plumage, but weaker in the female than in the male. The adult female 

 loses the stripe — -a reversion to a simpler type — but in the stronger (more advanced) 

 stage of its development in the male it is still preserved. 



Explanation of Plate 59. 



Selected feathers from an adult male Colaptes auratus flicker, x 0.8. Hayashi del., Apr. 1903. A 

 series of 24 feathers from the pectoral crescent back to the tail, along the left side just 

 below the wing. 



Nos. 1 to 3. From just below the crescent. No. 14. From the same level (more dorsal). 



No. 4. From just behind 3. No. 15. From just behind 13. 



No. 5. From nearly midway. No. 16. From same level. 



No. 6. From side of body behind 5. No. 17. An anterior under-tail covert. 



Nos. 7 and 8. From close to 6 (long side-feathers). No. 18. From close to 17. 



Nos. 9 and 10. From close to 7 and 8 (posterior of the No. 19. From near hind limit of tail-coverts, 

 side-feathers reaching back a little beyond No. 20. Next to posterior longest tail-coverts, 

 the middle of the wing). No. 21. From level of '20. 



No. 11. Oneof first (anterior) feathers, starting on the leg. No. 22. The last feather of white rump. 



No. 12. From close to 11. No. 23. The last upper tail covert. 



No. 13. From the same level. No. 24. The mid-tail feather (left side). 



It is very instructive to compare this plate with that showing feathers of white-faced pigeon (pi. 44). The flicker 



stands plainly above the pigeon, but as evidently has the same starting-point, the turtle-dove pattern. To start 



from the barred feather as primary, we should fail of getting the direction of evolution. These feathers speak for 



themselves and show that the original pattern is most nearly preserved behind and most departed from anteriorly, 



the contrary of Eimer's view. 



Explanation of Plate 60. 



A. The sharp-tailed sandpiper, Tringa acuminata. Copy by Toda, from Buffon (Ois., vol. vn, 

 p. 553, pi. enl. 852 = Le Cincle). 

 The turtle-dove pattern prevails throughout. The feathers have dark or blackish centers. The edges of the 

 scapulars and coverts of the upper parts are reddish; lighter or whitish on lower parts. 



Selected feathers from an adult quail (bob-white), Colinus virginianus. Natural size. Toda del., 

 June 1903. 



The chin is white, turning to buff on the throat. Figures 1 to 9 are of feathers from the throat; figures 10 and 

 11 are from the upper side-breast. 



Fig. 1. Narrow black tip, a short gray base, and a large middle buff part. 



Fig. 2. Gray base a little longer, black tip more concentrated, leading to the triangular spot of figures 3 to 9. 



The three-segmented condition (Hacker) is shown in figures 1 to 5. That this condition is a foundation for 

 barring is seen as we pass downward on the throat (figs. 5 to 9). In figure 9 the distal spot is partly ruddy brown. 

 Figures 1 to 5 represent the conditions already noted in the robin. 



Explanation of Plate 61. 



Figs. 1-11. Selected feathers from an adult female ring-necked pheasant of China, Phasiamis tor- 

 quatus. Natural size. Toda del., June 1903. 



Figs. 1 and 2. Middle interscapular feathers. The turtle type modified; note the dark tip in both feathers. Also, 

 a shaft-streak and extensions of the light color along the lateral margins. Color blackish-brown, with a 

 buff edge. 

 3 and 4. Two anterior scapulars, left side; pattern of figures 1 and 2 varied toward barring. 



5. From upper neck, just left of median front line. 



6. Just below figure 5; figures 5 and 6 show simple form of bars. 



7 and 8. Below figure 6 on breast; figure 7 from near mid-front line and figure 8 a little to left of figure 7. 

 Figure 7 is of the turtle type reduced to a V-shaped spot, and figure 8 is the same with a constriction, 

 pointing toward the condition seen in figures 10 and 11. 

 9. From still lower on breast than figure 7; figures 10 and 11 are from the same level, but more to the side. 

 The V-shaped figure seen in figures 9 to 11 and in so many birds comes, then, directly from the dark center. 

 It is not a bar "tilted," as Keeler expresses it. 



A. Wing of juvenal pheasant, 20 days, x 2. Toda del., June 1904. 



Shows dark centers, light edges, and very simple feather-bars, all grades from a few flecks to a fully formed bar. 

 The long coverts show only one light bar (tips excepted). The primary coverts show the same light bar less 

 developed. 



