136 ORTHOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN PIGEONS. 



(3) The male francolin presents a good type of transverse bars in its tail; the 

 female is of a more uniform color. In the tertials and in a few wing-coverts the male 

 shows how a dark center, pointed as in the European turtle-dove, can be changed 

 into transverse bars. In these more elongated feathers the lateral light margins 

 invade the dark center at more or less irregular intervals, cutting it nearly to the 

 shaft. The invasions from the opposite sides may, or may not, be directly opposite 

 each other, but in either case a barred effect is produced. 40 Some hawks have the 

 same kind of irregular or intermittently invaded dark center. 



The following are examples of the most finely barred feathers: 



(4) The long-tailed gray currucu (Trogon currucui) has the whole wing (prima- 

 ries excepted) marked by fine transverse bars, dark alternating with light. 



(5) In the red-tailed currucu the wings are very finely barred, dark and light 

 bars alternating. The lateral tail-feathers are also barred, but more coarsely. 



(6) In the wild duck (Anas boschas Linnaeus) the whole under surface of the 

 male, the scapulars, and a portion of the neck are very finely barred — more so than 

 in the currucu. That the bars of the male are not the first color-pattern of the 

 species is shown in the female, where no bars are seen; the feathers of the whole of 

 the under surface and the scapulars of the female have dark centers. 



(7) The male Chinese teal or mandarin duck (Anas galericulata) has its flanks 

 finely and closely barred (dark and light). The female has no bars; is mostly brown 

 variegated with some white. According to Wood, 46 the male, during May, June, 

 July, and August, loses his crest, his wing-fans, and all his brilliant colors, and 

 assumes a color resembling that of his mate. 



Black Crescentic Tips and Transverse Bars. 



The quails and pheasants 47 exhibit bars and crescentic tips more or less generally. 



(1) Perdix grceca is a case in which the bars are limited to the flanks and to a 

 few on the abdomen. I think the bars here are plainly a remnant of an earlier more 

 general type. 



(2) In the valley partridge the tawny feathers of the lower breast are all edged 

 with black crescents. The chestnut feathers of the abdomen (just behind the tawny 

 feathers), are also edged with these black crescents, and here we find "two black 

 bars" in addition to the black edge. 



Transverse bars are also common in hawks, owls, woodpeckers, jays, etc., and 

 the simplest form of these bars is the black or dark crescentic tip. 



(3) The rails are quite generally marked with transverse bars below, and some 

 with crescentic dark tips (see Latham, Vol. IX, pi. clviii, p. 373). 



(4) The undulated parrot (see Latham, Vol. II, page 179, pi. xxvi) shows fine 

 transverse bars of brown on the head and neck. Crescentic dark tips are present 

 on the body and wings. 



(5) The variegated tinamon (see Latham's Hist, of Birds, page 219, pi. cxxvn) 

 shows each feather over the back, wings, sides, and thighs tipped with crescentic 

 dark edges. The elegant tinamon of Chile is also extensively barred (see Wood's 

 Nat. Hist, of Birds, page 643). 



45 Sketches illustrating this condition in the francolin were made, but they are not suitable for reproduction. 

 Reference is made to "Bonhote's pamphlet showing a similar mode of origin of the cross-bars." — Ed. 

 « Wood's Nat. Hist., page 728. 

 "See Brisson's figure of Faisan Panache, Ornith., Vol. VI, pi. xxv. 



