ANNOTATED SYSTEMATIC LIST 

 OF SPECIES 



Phylum Sipuncula 



This taxon has been considered to be at a variety of 

 systematic levels and has been spelled many ways at 

 various times in the past. Since its elevation to the rank 

 of phylum there has been a void of intermediate taxa. 

 The description of families occurred recently (Stephen 

 and Edmonds 1972), but there are still no orders or 

 classes. 



Golfingia (Phascoloides) minuta (Keferstein 1865) 



From Maine to North Carolina, also in the eastern 

 North Atlantic to lat. 70° N, Mediterranean, off South 

 Africa and Chile; 1-3,750 m, uncommon on the shelf; 

 medium sand-silt sediment; temperature range 0-10°C. 

 This is a poorly understood species and opinions vary as 

 to its nature. Gerould's (1913) G. cinctum is definitely a 

 synonym and G. improvisa (Theel) may be a synonym 

 but this question is unresolved (see Cutler 1973). A dis- 

 cussion of the history of Golfingia minuta and G. im- 

 provisa can be found in Murina (1958). 



Family SIPUNCULIDAE 



Phascolopsis gouldi (Pourtales 1851) 



Endemic to the western North Atlantic, common in 

 southern New England, scattered reports south of lat. 

 30°N; no sexually mature forms known south of Cape 

 Hatteras; depth 0-165 m, most common in shallow water; 

 sediment gravelly sand to silty sand; temperature range 

 0-25°C. 



During the past 100 yr this species has been assigned to 

 the genera Sipunculus, Phascolosoma, and Golfingia. 

 The most recent shift (Stephen 1964) elevated Phas- 

 colopsis from subgeneric to generic rank. This is now a 

 monotypic genus. I believe this is a mistake and that it is 

 more closely related to Siphonosoma; until we better un- 

 derstand the development of Siphonosoma I have not 

 suggested this change (see Cutler 1973). It is unfor- 

 tunate that a species so commonly used by experimental 

 biologists has undergone so many generic changes. An- 

 drews (1890) presents a detailed account of the anatomy 

 of this species. 



Family GOLFINGIIDAE 



Golfingia (Golfingia) margaritacea (Sars 1851) 



A widi i distributed species found in all oceans but 

 most common in the North Atlantic and absent from the 

 tropics; along the coast from Maine to Cape Hatteras, on 

 the outer shelf and upper slope; sandy sediments; tem- 

 perature range 2-12°C. Several dubious subspecies, 

 forms, and varieties have been described in the literature 

 for this widespread form. 



Golfingia (Phascoloides) eremita (Sars 1851) 



Common on both sides of the North Atlantic up into 

 the Arctic Ocean, one record from 500 m off California: 

 on the east coast from Maine to Cape Hatteras, rare 

 south of Long Island; outer shelf and slope; sandy-silt 

 sediment; temperature range 0-10°C. 



Phascolion strombi (Montague 1804) 



Common on the shelf from Maine to Long Island (rare 

 on Georges Bank), ranging in deeper water to North 

 Carolina (lat. 32°N); common throughout the Atlantic 

 from the Arctic to the Antarctic, one record from the 

 Pacific off southern Chile; depth 14-3,800 m 

 perature range 2-26°C. This is the most common, eury 

 thermal, eurybathyl, and morphologically plasm 

 in the area (Gerould 1913, Cutler 1973). 



SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 



ANDREWS, E. A. 



1890. Notes on the anatomy of Sipunculus go 

 Stud. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Uni\ 

 CUTLER. E. B. 



1973. Sipuncula of the western North Atlantic 

 Nat. Hist. 152:105-204. 

 GEROULD, J. H. 



1907. The development of Phascolosonm Zoo 



Ontogen. Tiere 23:77-162. 

 1913. The sipunculids of the east. 

 Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 44:373-437. 

 GIBBS. P. E. 



1975. Gametogenesis and spawning in a hi rmaphroditu p 

 of Golfingia minuta (Sipuncula). I M 

 55:69-82. 

 HYMAN, L. H. 



1959. The protostomatous coelomati- ph 

 The invertebrates, Vol. 5, p. 610-696 McGrau Hi 

 N.Y. 

 MURINA. V V 



1958. On the systematics of two cl"~i 

 water sipunculids of the genus Golfing; ; 

 of the "Vitiaz" expeditions in 1949 19 

 37:1624-1633. 

 RICE. M. E. 



1967. A comparative study of the devel ; 

 ii, Golfingia pugettensis, and 1 h 

 cussion of developmental patterns in thi 

 143-171. 

 1973. Morphology, behavior, and hist 

 larva o( Phascolosoma agaasizii (Si] 

 Zool. 132, 51 p. 

 1975. Observations on the development ol 

 Sipuncula with a review of devel; ipmi 













