14 



2. Japanese Beetle . No special studies of the chemical control program 

 to eradicate the Japanese beetle in the western outposts of its range are under 

 way. Two pounds of technical heptachlor, dieldrin or aldrin per acre in granu- 

 lar form are being used in this program. Effects of dieldrin have been reviewed 

 recently by Scott, et al^. [52] and effects of dieldrin and heptachlor at com- 

 parable dosage rates are reviewed earlier in this paper for the fire ant program. 

 Aldrin is a more toxic compound than dieldrin or heptachlor, but is quickly 

 converted to dieldrin. Therefore, except for a different location, somewhat 

 different fauna and much smaller areas, effects can be expected to be somewhat 

 similar to those in the fire ant program. Recently 32,000 acres were treated 



in Michigan (the total known infestation in that State). Two days after treat- 

 ment with aldrin in November, 1959, resident? of Detroit reported seeing dead 

 and dying birds and mammals [5]. In Joliet, Illinois, where heptachlor was 

 used, dead birds, mammals and fishes were reported [s]. 



Other outlying infestations in 16 States from Georgia to Iowa to Maine, 

 rimming the central general infestation in northeastern United States, total 

 1,954,920 acres. 



3. Mediterranean Fruit Fly . The program to eradicate the Mediterranean 

 fruit fly on over 800,000 acres in Florida used from 0.5 to 0.75 pound of 

 actual malathion per acre in a bait spray. Infested areas were treated several 

 times and about 7,000,000 acre-treatments were involved. The effects of this 

 program on wildlife have recently been summarized by Bureau personnel [ll]. 

 Laboratory studies indicate malathion has about the same toxicity to fish as 

 DDT, and primary mortality in the field has been to fish - in some cases the 

 majority of killifishes [ll]. 



D. Orchard Pest Control 



Orchards are subjected to repetitive treatments of toxic chemicals at 

 high dosage rates during the growing season, but they do sustain some wildlife 

 during the non-growing season. The use of endrin as a rodenticide to control 

 pine and meadow mice during the non-growing season has been increasing during 

 the past several years, but effects of these treatments upon wildlife have not 

 been determined. The feeding of apple pomace to livestock has been halted due 

 to excessive pesticide residues, but wildlife in the areas also feed upon 

 apples. Bureau studies have shown that when population densities of wildlife 

 are greatly reduced in desirable habitat, there is an influx of individuals 

 from suitable surrounding terrain. No special studies of this phenomenon in 

 orchards have been made. 



