CONTENTS 



Introduction 1 



1 Identity 1 



1 . 1 Nomenclature 1 



•1.11 Valid 



1.12 Synonymy 1 



1 .2 Taxonomy 1 



1.21 Affinities 1 



1 .22 Taxonomic status 4 



1.23 Subspecies 4 



1 .24 Standard common names, vernacular names 4 



1.;? Morphology 5 



1.31 External morphology 5 



*1.32 Cytomorphology 



1 .33 Protein specificity 7 



2 Distribution 12 



2.1 Total area 12 



2.2 Differential distribution 13 



2.21 Spawn, larvae, and juveniles 13 



2.22 Adults 14 



2.3 Determinants of distribution changes 14 



2.4 Hybridization 15 



2.41 Hybrids; frequency of hybridization, species with which hybridization occurs; methods of 



hybridization 15 



*2.42 Influence of natural hybridization in ecology and morphology 



3 Bionomics and life history 15 



3.1 Reproduction 15 



3.11 Sexuality 15 



3.12 Maturity 15 



3.13 Mating 16 



3.14 Fertilization 16 



3.15 Gonads 16 



3.16 Spawning 16 



3.17 Spawn 22 



3.2 Preadult phase 26 



3.21 Embryonic phase 26 



3.22 Larvae phase 26 



3.23 Adolescent phase 27 



3.3 Adult phase 31 



*3.31 Longevity 



3.32 Hardiness 31 



3.33 Competitors 31 



3.34 Predators 32 



3.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 33 



3.4 Nutrition and growth 34 



3.41 Feeding 34 



3.42 Food 34 



3.43 Growth rate 36 



3.44 Metabolism 37 



3.5 Behavior 38 



3.51 Migrations and local movements 38 



3..52 Schooling 38 



3.53 Responses to stimuli 39 



4 Population 41 



4.1 Structure 41 



4.11 Sex ratio 41 



*4.12 Age composition 



4.13 Size com|X)sition 43 



