20 [January. 



BUTTERFLIES IN SOUTH AND NOETH NOEWAY. 

 BY T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., P.E.S. 



A wish to see JErebia Emhla and E. Disa alive in their natural 

 habitats led, after many doubts and debates, to our visiting Norway 

 again this summer. Unfortunately, doubts and debates are fruitful 

 of delay, and it was not till June 20th that I found a specimen of E. 

 Embla in my net. The condition of this and subsequent specimens 

 showed that we were a week, or perhaps two, later than would have 

 been desirable to the success of our quest. 



Our first station was at Saeterstoen, lat. about 60° 12' north, some 

 60 miles east and a little north of Christiania. Here Mr. Standen, 

 Mr. W. E. Nicholson and myself were accommodated by Mr. and Mrs. 

 Wattne in their farmhouse of Maarud, and found their kindness and 

 attention to our comforts worthy of our fullest acknowledgments. 

 One of our party has already given some account of this first stage 

 of our excursion in the "Entomologist," with a literary grace and 

 artistic feeling to which I can make no pretence, and so absolves me 

 from doing more than rehite drily a few of my own observations. 



Saeterstoen is on the banks of the great river Glommen, and the 

 country around has no high mountains, only a few low hills, and as we 

 did not visit these, except in one or two instances, the district was for 

 us one of river valley and flat moorland, in some small degree under 

 cultivation, but chiefly in fir forest and bog. There wei-e all the 

 forms of moorland and bog that I have seen in Norway, except that 

 characteristic of rocky mountainous country — rocks were indeed 

 scarce to Mr. Nicholson's great bryological regret. Open sw-amp, 

 almost lake, with carices and rushes ; similar ground i"endered just 

 negotiable by the presence of tussocks ; bogs consisting largely of 

 sphagnum and reindeer moss, often rising into small humps and 

 mounds, and covered moi'e or less with moltibiir and cranberry {Buhus 

 cliaincemorus and Vaccinium oxycoccos) ; heathy bogs with heather, 

 bilberries, whortleberries ; Andromeda, Empetrum, and ArctostaphyJos, 

 and various mixtures and combinations of these. Except in the abso- 

 lute marsh, each of these forms of moor was varied by being open or 

 by having admixtures of forest, sometimes a genuine forest growth of 

 fir (spruce), sometimes scrubby pines, or birches of larger or smaller 

 size, or various combinations of these. In shaded places Vaccinium, 

 especially uliginosum, formed a tall undergrowth. I was somewhat 

 surprised at the extremely wet marshy ground, sometimes nearly im- 

 passable, in which the spruce fir grew luxuriantly ; since in other 



