1899. j 21 



places the trees were evidently waging an unequal struggle against 

 the wetness of the ground, I concluded that sometimes at least these 

 areas must be comparatively dry. In a dry summer— we were told 

 the previous summer had been very dry — no doubt many of these 

 bogs became fairly dry ; our experience, however, was that all bog and 

 moorland of every kind were very wet, and often required some caution 

 in traversing them. It was our misfoi'tune throughout the excursion 

 to have dull and even wet weather, so that even for several days 

 together not a butterfly was seen, and those we took were few in 

 number and wasted by weather, and even more perhaps by our being 

 too late for them. 



Erebia Embla was widely distributed over this district, and oc- 

 curred wherever spruce iir grew in somewhat wet and marshy places, 

 preferring apparently places where the fir was somewhat sparse and 

 illgrown, but seemed to be absent from open marsh and bog or where 

 spruce was entirely wanting and only pine or birch grew, however 

 similar the ground might otherwise be. Though not a rapid flier, 

 unless disturbed, the nature of the ground often made it appear to be 

 so, travelling by man being slow and requiring considerable circum- 

 spection. It was fond of sunning itself on some of the dead branches 

 or twigs of fir with which the ground was often covered, and would 

 at times settle on the tree trunks after the manner of Ghionohas Jutta. 

 I was not lucky enough to observe one ovipositing. It occasionally 

 appeared to descend from the higher portions of the fir trees and 

 sometimes disappeared thither, so that no doubt it has a habit of 

 resting high up in the trees after the manner of Eurijale and sundry 

 other Erebice. 



Chionobas Jutta it was very pleasing to find common in the same 

 habitats as E. Embla. Its range was, however, more extensive, as it 

 frequented the open moors and the birch scrub, and was also more 

 at home apparently amongst pine than even among the spruce. 

 It would often rest on the ground, but its favourite station, at least 

 in fair weather, was the sunny side of the tree trunks — fir, pine, or 

 even birch, where it would close its wings and lay itself down side- 

 ways as flatly as possible on the bark, after the manner of Semele and 

 other Satyrids, sidling along to the protection of a projecting piece of 

 bark if the sun became overcast, and often taking shelter in the upper 

 branches. It was very difficult to see when sitting perfectly still on 

 the trunks on a dull day, its tnits and markings corresponding so 

 closely to those of the weathered and lichen-covered bark. The males, 

 and rarely the females, had a curious habit of flying to the foot of a 



