150 ' [J'Jy. 



merely pulled together by the silken thread ; probably it depends to 

 some extent upon the age of the leaf and the resulting resistance it 

 offers to being pulled into necessary shape. The quantity of silk em- 

 ployed in forming the pad for crcmaster varies in different individuals. 

 The pupge of Vanessa gonerilla are variable as to colour and 

 markings. I select two extremes, the last, however, is probably 

 normal. 



Length, -^^ inch. Colour, black from front of head to about 2nd abdominal 

 segment, from which to extremity the colour is brownish dorsally, paler laterally. 

 On the dorsal points of meso- and post-thoracic segments, and on 1st and 2nd ab- 

 dominal segments, are small metallic spots. The whole of the black surface however 

 has a lustre. 



Length, ^ inch. Colour, greyish-brown to middle of 4th abdominal segment, 

 and on the remainder of the abdominal segments brown at either side of a pale grey 

 mid -dorsal line, which latter runs from the prominent mesothoracic point to the 

 terminal segment on dorsal surface. From the subdorsal points (posterior trape- 

 zoidals ?) to the spiracles the lateral area of the abdominal segments is grey, fading 

 off to speckled brown on the ventral surface. Several rather large white spots on 

 dorsal surface of head and prothorax, and all the segmental points are more or less 

 metallic, largely so on the " posterior trapezoidal " points of the post-thorax and 

 2nd abdominal. 



Structure. — The black specimen is not so robust as the greyish specimen, in 

 other respects there is no appreciable difference. It is difficult to distinguish the 

 eyes, but these appear to be placed on the dorsal surface, the antennae passing round 

 the posterior edge of the eyes curve downwards and meet the proboscis at the tips 

 of the posterior pair of legs, and terminate at the level of the wing margins on the 

 anterior edge of the 4th abdominal, the proboscis is prolonged to the anterior edge 

 of the oth segment. 



Ventrally, anterior to the eyes, are the two pointed " nosehorns," and on each 

 leg case, about the middle, is a small pointed prominence. The margin of wing 

 cases extend well into the " waist " of the pupa. There is a lateral pointed promi- 

 nence at the base (?) of the wing case, and a post-thoracic lateral prominence also. 

 The most prominent point on the dorsal surface is the mesothorax centre, anterior 

 to which on either side is a small point (metallic), and posterior to it are the 

 (posterior trapezoidal ?) tubercles of the post-thorax. The 1st abdominal segment 

 forms the " girth " waist, and is the most slender part of the middle of pupa, from 

 this the other abdominal segments swell to four, and then gradually curve down to 

 the anal extremity ; on Ist abdominal the points are reduced to a minimum, but on 

 2 to 7 the (posterior trapezoidal ?) points are prominent, but are not present on 

 8, 9, 10 ; the mid-dorsal points are very much smaller and not present on 8, 9, 10 ; 

 above the spiracles on 1 to 7 are minute points (supra-spiracular of larva), the 

 spiracles are present on 4 to 8 abdominal, and on these segments also there are black 

 points ventral to the spiracles (anterior subspiracular of larva), on one of which I 

 could distinguish a single bristle. The details of the cremaster armature are too 

 obscure for me to describe. 



Palmerston North, New Zealand : 

 January, 1900. 



