68 THE entomologist's record. 



the life-history of Dicranura viuula, is highly artistic. The figures on 

 the next plate to this, of D. furcula on the wing (fig. 8) and of the 

 larva (fig. 4) are excellent, but certainly one of the very best figures is 

 that representing the flying Pliisia (jamnm (N.V., vol. ii., pi. i., fig. 5). 

 Another beautiful figure (vol. ii., pi. vi., fig. 3) portrays the full- 

 grown larva of Notudonta trepida clinging to a spray of oak while it 

 stretches its head over its back. Besides the correctness of the best 

 of Sepj)'s figures, there is an artistic refinement and lightness about 

 them. They are not laboured and have just sufficient colour. Above 

 all Sepp had the touch of life in his brush, and he succeeded in 

 infusing that life into his best efibrts. A quaint old book belonging 

 to this period is The Aurelian (London, 1766), by Moses Harris, giving 

 rather crude figures of lepi:loptera in various stages with the food- 

 plant. A curious feature in Jacob C. Schaefter's very interesting 

 Icones Insectorinn, &c. (Regensburg, 1766), is that both sides of the 

 plates carry figures, many of which are of great artistic merit. By 

 no means to be despised are the copper plates of Drury in the 

 Illustrations of the Natural Hhturi) of Exotic Insects (London, 1770-82). 

 His method of adding the shadoAv cast by the insect cannot be 

 recommended. An amusing book by Benjamin Wilkes, with brightly- 

 coloured figures, generally accompanied by the larva and food-plant, 

 was published in London, 1773, and entitled 120 Copper Plates of 

 Emjlish Butterflies and Moths, &c. 



Though Esper's eight volumes. Die Sch)iietterlin(/e in Abbildunt/en, 

 &c. (Erlangen, 1777), form an important work, the plates have no 

 particular charm, the drawing and colouring both being defective. 

 Sometimes an insect will be coloured only on one pair of wings, the 

 opposite pair being shown in outline only. In 1779 two important 

 Avorks saw the light. Pieter Cramer's Fapillons Exotiques (Amsterdam, 

 1779-82), and the Fapillons d' Eur ope, hy ^rn^i w'lih. descriptions by 

 Engramelle. Cramer's figures are of better quality, but both works 

 on account of the great number of figures they contain, are useful. It 

 is, however, a real pleasure to turn over any of the copper plates 

 produced by the artist of Augsburg, Jacob Huebner. Though not so 

 delicate nor so carefully drawn as are the figures of Sepp and Roesel, 

 many of Huebner's are exceedingly beautiful. As a rule they are, 

 however, a little overloaded with colour. The Beitraei/e, &c. (1786-90, 

 Augsburg), and the Sammlun;/ Europaeischer Schnetterliwje (1793-1827), 

 as well as the Sarnuilun;/ Exotischer Schmetterlim/e, contain a great 

 number of figures of imagines, while the Geschichte europaeischer 

 Schinetterlinj/e is devoted to larvae. The last work contains many 

 very artistic figures, and holds the enviable position of being the work 

 most often copied of all entomological literature. In later works of 

 English, French and German authors Huebner's figures of larvae are 

 constantly reappearing. 



Lewin, perhaps the first reliable writer on British butterflies, 

 published his Papilios of Great Britai)t in 1795 ; the illustrations are 

 very fair for the age. An artist of quite another school was painting 

 figures in England, Avhile Huebner issued his works in Germany. 

 Though the German erred in excess of colour it was in the form of 

 over-elaboration, but Edward Donovan loved colour and massed it on 

 his figures. The plates of flowers and insects in his Epitome of the 



