LIFE-HISTORIES. 101 



rather long and thorny, iii is a stalked and horn-like tubercle 

 (ending in a single brush of spines on abdominal segments, but forked 

 on thoracic, which, I take it, denotes a double origin on meso- and meta- 

 thoracic segments). This (iii) is a double-haired tubercle in Sphin.v, 

 and such species as Hepialids and Zeuzerids. So far as I can make 

 out, a single post-subspiracular stalk or horn bears both iv and v, 

 there being a large hair jutting out from the stalk about halfway up, 

 which is probably v, the column of spines representing iv. There is also 

 a central forked horn on the 9th abdominal as well as 8th. The larv;e 

 areprocessionary in habit when young. — A. Bacot, F.E.S., Bow House, 

 154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E. 



Young larva of Actias luna (ova received from Dr. Chapman, 

 hatched .July 2nd, 1901). — First instar. — Tubercles many-haired, 

 except ii, this is minute and single-haired ; i (anterior trapezoidals) 

 on 8th abdominal segment, coalesced and developed into a single 

 central horn ; iv + v are placed on a crest of the lateral flange. — Ibid. 



Ovum of Eagles imperialis (eggs laid by parents reared from 

 pupae supplied by Mr. H. G. Woolley). — A "flat" e^g with three 

 diameters, of a bright yellow colour, rather pearly in hue, and semitrans- 

 parent, looking like those of the Sphingids and Dimorphids. A 

 broad oval, nearly circular, as seen from above, but seen edgewise, of 

 a lunular shape, something like a tabloid or long oval, with a ten- 

 dency for the ends to be pointed. The surface is finely pitted and 

 granulated. ^leasurement, 2-75mm. x 2-58mm. x l-75nnn. — Ibid. 



Forcing Larv.e of Epunda lichenea. — A batch of ova sent to me 

 from North Wales at the end of September hatched nearly at the 

 end of October. They fed fr^^ely 'on stonecrop in a bottle for six 

 weeks. Before the second moult they we?e all green ; after this 

 moult they all, I believe, become browji with very indistinct 

 darker markings. As time went oil they became a rich brown with 

 transverse black marks along the dorsal area. When six weeks 

 old they were about an inch long and were then placed in a large 

 breeding-cage with muslin sides and top, and three inches of soil, 

 and supplied with a plant of stonecrop every three or four days 

 about the size of one's fist. The}' fed up very rapidly, and now 

 most of them have gone down. In the daytime they hid in the 

 soil or under the plants, but, every afternoon, just as it began to get 

 dark, they crawled up the sides and rested on the muslin for hours, 

 most of them remaining motionless until midnight or later. Of the 

 30 larvai I had, I counted on some nights 25, on other nights 

 fewer, but never less than 16. In a state of nature they must 

 necessarily, in bad weather, make long fasts. Was this habit of resting 

 the result of hereditary habit of going without food and consequent 

 inability to keep on feeding ? The larvse feed on stonecrop in a state 

 of nature, I found several feeding on this plant at Wallasey, in April, 

 1892. It is an excellent winter food-plant for those larvje that will 

 eat it. — F. C. Woodforde, B.A., F.E.S., Market Drayton, lu'bnian/ 

 1st, 1902. 



Food-plants of Epunda lichenea. — With regard to the food-plant 

 of KpiDtila lirlienea I used to take the larv;e regularly on the sandhills on 

 the Lincolnshire coast north of Mablethorpe some years ago, and 

 invariably found them on (U/noiflossiDii difir'nialc, which then grew in 

 some abundance along the banks on the landward side of the hilli. 



