XOTES ON VARIOUS COI.KOPHORIDS. 91 



putting a bunch of the seeJ-beads with stems, in the bottle apparatus, 

 and placing outdoors, any number can easily be bred. In fact, I have a 

 bottle into which a bunch of seed-heads was put in January, 1902, which 

 still contains living larvae, the offspring of imagines which emerged in 

 the summer during my holidays, and which were not taken out. It 

 has stood out in all weathers continuously. I only found a small per- 

 centage of the larvffi of this species left the seed -heads to pupate, 

 although it is stated that several of the closely-allied species, feeding on 

 various kinds of Jimcus, leave their foodplant for the winter, and are 

 scarcely obtainable after the autumn. In January I have found the 

 eases of this species by no means yet half grown. 



C. viMiNETELLA. — This spccics I havo met with sparingly at Brock- 

 ley, on a variety of willow, and on Salix caprea. The cases always 

 seem to be low down, and early in the year one can find them on the 

 young growth near the main stem. It is one of the double-coloured 

 irregular cases, and the blotches are very inconspicuous ; in fact, the 

 leaves must be separately investigated to get any number of larvae. 



C. iBiPENNELLA is a fairly common species on birch trees, but I have 

 found it somewhat difficult to breed ; no doubt, owing to my difficulty 

 in getting suitable food. The larva3 must have country-grown birch ; the 

 harsh, bitter, London-grown twigs are useless, for the lai'va; will 

 scarcely touch them. I hnd, as a foodplant, birch does not keep well, and 

 wants renewing at least twice a week for Coleophorid larvre. As soon as 

 the larva? leave the foodplant and roam about the bottle you may be 

 pretty sure something is wrong with it. The cases of this species are 

 usually found on the upperside, although occasionally one or two are 

 found on the underside of the leaf. Like C. fuscedinella, the young 

 cases are curiously curved and keeled, and are found in a similar posi- 

 tion on the leaves. The larvae, too, leave their cases and build others 

 as soon as the leaf begins to show. 



C. ONOSMELLA is essentially a chalk species, almost wholly confined 

 to an exclusively chalk plant, Echium vulgare. The cases are woolly 

 and conspicuous, and remind one much of those of C. lineolea. They 

 occur, as a rule, under the radical leaves, and require specially looking 

 for. I have found it at Box Hill, Chatham, and Folkestone. 



C. ANATiPENNELLA, the type of the genus, as given in Hiibner's 

 " Tentamen," 1806, p. 2, is said to be common on various trees in the 

 districts around London, but I have only found it sparingly on oak at 

 Oxshott. 



C. GENISTA is a most abundant species, wherever its foodplant, the 

 spiny Genista anrflica, grows. Its case is a variegated one, and the 

 imagines are most easy to breed. The older portion of the case is brown 

 with age, the middle portion is generally of a faded green, being coloured 

 by pieces of the early spring food, while the newest portion is yellow, 

 formed from the debris of the flowers upon which the larva finishes np 

 its growing stage. 



C. LUTiPENNELLA. — This species I have never yet bred, but have 

 taken some numbers of the imagines on wet days by trunk searching, 

 both in Epping Forest and at Byfieet. 



C. soLiTARiELLA I failed to find until last year, when I paid a visit 

 to Northwood with Mr. R. South. There I found two small colonies, 

 and subsequently bred a short series. By the bye, the name saUtari- 

 dla is a misnomer, for I understand it always occurs in colonies, The 



