224 THE entomologist's record. 



claspers are spread very widely, and are fringed with small processes, as 

 in the adult larvae of Anijihiilafti/s strataria, etc. It is now somewhat 

 longer and less stumpy in appearance, hut the thoracic segments are 

 compressed when at rest, making it appear much shorter. In this 

 skin, the larva loses its large T-shaped hairs, and gains an exceedingly 

 rough shagreened coat, caused by the great development of some of 

 the spicules observed in the 1st skin (Plate viii., fig, 4A-). The primary 

 hairs are not, however, so completely merged in this secondary 

 development as is the case with Sphingid, and in some butterfly, 

 larvfe ; they still persist, and have well marked tubercular bases, and 

 the hairs themselves, although short, and not forked, are stout and 

 glandular in appearance, with enlarged tops (trumpet-topped). The 

 larva now bears raised processes on the dorsum of the mesothora.x and 

 on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and Sthabdommal segments (Plate viii., fig. 4y). The 

 process on the 4th is very small, and that on the 8th is not so large 

 as on the other segments. These processes are situated on the anterior 

 edge of the segments. The prothorax also bears four small processes 

 at the corners of the scutellum. The division of the segments is clear 

 and sharp as regards abdominals 1 to 6, but is less distinct in the 

 thoracic and remaining abdominals, except when the infect is crawling. 

 The spiracles are large, and show up plainly, partly because the 

 shagreening is faint or absent in their vicinity. The effect of 

 shagreening is caused by the development of the spicules. These now 

 form small, short, stout, blunt-ended processes, pure white in colour, of 

 various sizes and lengths, from little more than buttons to club-shaped 

 processes, or even T-shaped ones in a few instances. They are 

 disposed more or less in longitudinal lines or stripes (Plate viii., fig. 4A-). 

 The head is now of a somewhat squared or trapezoidal shape, slightly 

 notched at the crown, and of a pale brown colour. The surface is very 

 rough and granular, speckled like the bod}', with small white processes, 

 which are, however, smaller than those on the body, and less raised 

 above the surface. The skin -surface, between the shagreening, is 

 smooth and shiny. In colour, the larva is now partly red-brown, 

 and partly green ; the head, thorax and hinder abdominals being of the 

 former, and the middle abdominals of the latter, hue. 



In resting, it adopts the well-known attitude, the prothorax bent 

 sharply over, almost at right angles, so that it forms the anterior end 

 of the larva, while the head is ventral between the 1st pair of legs, the 

 2nd and 3rd pair of legs being thrust forward against the first. The 

 2nd and 8rd thoracic segments are contracted, considerably shortening 

 the larva, and giving it a knobbed appearance. It has very possibly 

 already been noted that, towards autumn, the birch twigs are closely 

 speckled with small white granules of resin or sugar or something else, 

 and are either of a green or pink coloration. The protective resemblance 

 of the larva to its resting-place is, therefore, wonderfully perfect. 



The position of the tubercles in this stage is as follows : Tubercle iii 

 is still far forward, well above the spiracles, on most of the abdominal 

 segments, iv and v are well below, and well separated, v pre- and iv 

 post-spiracixlar, the latter at a slightly higher level. I do not notice 

 any raising of the spiracles as in P. sinarandaria or C. pustulata. 

 They are fairly high up on the larva, but form a tolerably even line. 

 Neither is the position of iii, iv, or v altered. Moulting larvfe in this 

 skin have numerous silk threads spun across the dorsal processes, and 



