TRUMPET- HAIRS ON A SKIPPER LARVA. 281 



forms together, and 1 could detect no difference. In Wailes' time the 

 insect occurred all along the Durham coast, but, to the north of the 

 Black Hall Rocks, it has been deemed extinct in recent years. This is 

 not the case, for I have found it in plenty in one or two isolated spots. 

 In one of these — a clearing in a wood — I have been in the habit of 

 taking in fair numbers, for two or three years, an abei'ration which 1 

 think worthy of name. The following is a description of the form : — 



Uppersidc : Hindwings with the row of red spots developed, but each spot 

 reduced in size. Forewings with the row of red spots reduced to two near the anal 

 angle. Discal spot black, edged with white scales. Underside: Hindwings, all the 

 wJdte ocelli, together with the }dack yiipih, are entirely absent, except two. These 

 are the discal scar (without pupil), and a minute one (with pupil) near the anal 

 angle. Not even the white ocelli occur, as in P. ab. <(rt(ixerj-es, and, in conse- 

 quence, the ground colour appears of a darker brown. Forewings are normal in 

 the majority of the examples, but in a few extreme cases they follow the hindwing 

 exactly. For this form I suggest the name ab. cedrae. 



Curiously enough, after naming the above form, j\Ir. Tutt asked me 

 to include a description of P. salmaris, and, in looking this up, I 

 found the following in Wailes' (.'atalviine, p. 29: "By far the most 

 interesting variety of this insect I have yet seen is one in my own 

 cabinet, which I captured in July, 1856, at Castle Eden, having the 

 spot," etc. Here follows a description substantially the same as the 

 above description of P. ab. redrac. This shows that this form has 

 occurred for at least fifty years. 



Another interesting form, which is really an aberration of the above, 

 occurs more sparingly, but has a more extended range. On the under- 

 side it agrees with ab. vedrac. Above, however, each red spot of the 

 subterminal band on the hindwings is followed by a clear white dash. 

 This form I propose to name ab. alhiinandata. A third form I wish to 

 note is a dwarf form. It occurs throughout the range of F. var mlniacis 

 and /'. var. artaxerxcs. It expands two-thirds the size of type P. 

 astrarchc. Beneath, the wings are of a silvery-grey, like that of i 'ttpido 

 iiii)tiiiia. The white ocelli are very small and indistinct, and the row 

 of four near the basal angle is reduced to two. This is of common 

 occurrence, and when at rest is readily distinguished. The name ab. 

 indara will suffice to determine this. 



Trumpet=hairs on a Skipper larva {ifith plate). 



IJy Dk. T. a. chapman. 



The curious hairs on the pupa? of certain Chrysophanid species, which 

 take various forms, as of mushrooms, umbrellas, vases, and trumpets, 

 and of which photographs have appeared in the Kyit. Record, xvii., 

 pp.145, pi. v., figs. 1-2, of those of ' 'hnjsop/iauus phlaeas,&ve specialisa- 

 tions of a type of hair that are very common in many young larvje of 

 Pterophorids, Pihopalocera, etc., a transparent hair with a clubbed end, 

 sometimes rounded, sometimes divided into several points assuming then 

 more or less of a fan shape. Such are the hairs of the larva of 

 yisoniaden tat/es in its first stage, but I was somewhat surprised to find 

 that in one particular instar (at least) N. tai/es possessed hairs of as com- 

 pletely trumpet a form as those of the pupa of Chri/soii/ianits phlaeas : sur- 

 prised, because the hairs in the earlier and later instars were merely 

 baton-like clubs, as occur in so many instances. The hairs are very 

 minute, certainly, only 0-03mm. to 0-04mm. high, but appear to be 



