THE UPSALA CELEBRATIONS. 179 



Doctor is privileged to wear two large crowns. The hats of the other 

 faculties were not carried in the procession by the recipients of degrees, 

 but had been taken to the Cathedral. The procession formed at noon, 

 and marched to the beautiful Cathedral which stands on the slope a 

 little below the Palace. The great banner of the students was carried 

 in front, followed by the Nations of Students, each preceded by its 

 banner. Then came the small banner of the students. Women 

 students are admitted into the University, as also at Lund, and join 

 the various Nations. Forming a little group among the far more 

 numerous male students of each Nation, the women students in some 

 cases marched in front immediately after the banner of their Nation, 

 but more often their place was near the middle. They wore white 

 dresses, and the men dress clothes, while both were distinguished by 

 the regular white cap. A special place was allotted in the procession 

 to the male relations (fathers, brothers, and sons) of those about to 

 receive degrees, as also to Members of Parliament and to the Municipal 

 Authorities of the City of Upsala. 



As we entered the Cathedral the orchestra played a solemn march, 

 and then, after the arrival of the Prince Regent, was sung the first 

 part of a cantata composed by Rydberg for the promotion of Doctors 

 in 1877, and set to music by Josephson. The promotions in each 

 Faculty were preceded by special parts of the cantata. The book of 

 words contained translations in Latin and French. A particularly 

 interesting feature of the ceremony was the part taken by the students. 

 On each side of the broad central aisle stood students holding the 

 banners of the Nations. On one side of the Promoter stood students 

 to call the names of the recipients, to hand the hats and unfix the 

 crowns, and to make electrical communication with the soldiers who 

 fired the cannon from a neighbouring hill. On the other side stood a 

 student who handed the diploma to the recipient after the degree had 

 been conferred. All these, as well as the standard-bearers, wore long 

 scarves of the Swedish colours — blue and yellow — passing over the 

 shoulder and tied at the opposite hip. The Archbishop was the 

 Promoter of the thirty Doctors of Theology, nominated by the grace 

 of the King. He stood at a kind of reading-desk facing the main 

 entrance, and was distinctly visible from nearly every part of the 

 space. After an address in Swedish, His Grace assumed the doctor's 

 hat and the three cannon boomed forth. Then followed a few 

 introductory words, and the recipients came forward in single file to 

 receive the degrees. Each in turn paused at the Promoter's right 

 hand while the hat was placed upon his head, and simultaneously, a 

 single cannon was fired. He then passed between the Promoter and 

 the reading-desk, received his diploma, took off his hat, and made a bow 

 first to the Chancellor and then, a little further on, to the Prince Regent 

 and the Royal Family, and returned to his seat. All this took place 

 without any delay, and the echoes of the cannon followed one another 

 in quick succession. Degrees in absence were conferred by pronouncing 

 the words in absentia, and moving the hat or crown of bays in the air 

 as if it were being placed upon a head. Here, too, the cannon was 

 fired at the appropriate moment. Towards the end of the promotions 

 in Theology the Archbishop waved a hat in the air as though to 

 indicate that some recipient had not come forward. It did not, 

 however, appear to produce the desired effect. The Promoter of the 



