Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD. 



up a position by her to pair. Immediately her abdomen would be 

 thrown upright into the air, and, whilst he felt for the usual position of 

 the apex of the abdomen, would remain there, lowering and raising it 

 again as often as he receded from or edged up to her. Failing to 

 secure union, he Avoald fly off, and, if she remained still, flew right 

 away, but if she also flew up he would again follow her and go through 

 the whole performance again. The ^ seems to have no knowledge 

 whatever of whether the J has been fertilised or not. He follows one 

 up for miles, hovering, fluttering, and seeking to charm her ; he only 

 finds that pairing is forbidden by failing to find the copnlatory organs 

 of the 2 , always held high in the air when he attempts to mate with 

 her. He leaves her simply from failure to effect union. An unpaired 

 ? of course leaves her abdomen down and pairing takes place almost 

 immediately, but such a $ has of course rarely ever flown, and it is 

 remarkable that natural selection has not yet taught these J butter- 

 flies that 5 s on the wing do not require their attention. On the 

 contrary, as many as 7 or 8 ^ s may be seen circling round a single 

 $ on the wing, and finally all go disconsolate away. Nor do our 

 common white Pierids ever appear to pair more than once, the $ s so 

 observed being all in the very finest possible condition. Two J 

 examples of 2Ierritieldia tridactyla [tetradactijla) were disturbed, and 

 then a wild patch by the brawling torrent, covered with Senecio 

 viiyjaurea, scabious, centaurea, hieracia, and other wild flowers, showed 

 an abundance of the beautiful Chri/sopkaiiHs hippothoe in both sexes, 

 and the wanted Loweia siibaljiina, but these were neglected for a careful 

 hunt among the Senecio, but a good quarter-of-an-hour's search only 

 resulted in a single example of Fredoicina calodacUjla (zetterstedtii). 

 work as hard as one might. It was in fine condition, better than any 

 of those taken in the Dischma-Thal on August 1st. It rested in the 

 box with its forewings drawn back about half-way, so as to be almost 

 at right angles with one another, the hindwings covered by the fore- 

 wings, but with none of the usual stretch of wings almost in a straight 

 line, that one so often sees in the " plumes." On the waste ground, too, 

 we observed a few Cyan iris seiiiiar(/as, usually distinguished on the 

 wing from Puli/ouimatiis icorKs, which was also there, by its darker 

 deeper blue ; tlie $ s of seinian/xs look particularly black, it always 

 seems to me, on the wing, but I must confess to a difficulty in always 

 discriminating the species readily and well on flight. But in all my 

 wanderings abroad — two species have largely escaped me — Chrysn- 

 phanus hippothoe and Loiceia snbalpina : both have generally been over, 

 quite worn and useless, when I have met them, and my series has 

 usually consisted of a few odd specimens in better condition than the 

 more abundant rejected. Here both were not at all rare, and, although 

 50 per cent, were rejected, I selected a series of nearly a score of good 

 specimens of each, but this took nearly an hour, as the sun appeared and 

 disappeared, and one could only capture them in the intervals. It is 

 generally stated that Loweia snbalpina is a form of L. dorilis, but this 

 I cannot believe on the superficial evidence of the imagines. The 

 $s are very difficult sometimes to distinguish from those of C. 

 hippothoe until closely examined. Of course there is no difficulty on 

 close examination. The 3 s of C. hippothoe showed none of the 

 purple tinge sometimes so marked in Alpine examples, and the $ s 

 little or no trace of orange, whilst some of the examples of both 



