40 THE entomologist's record. 



duration. The larva of viauni has habits similar to those of P. rapae. 

 It very rarely leaves the foodplant until full-fed, even when captive, 

 unless the plant happens to get dry. When young, as before stated, 

 it hides beneath the leaves, but later on, and particularly in the last 

 stage, it is often exposed on the stems. It is very hard to find on the 

 Iberia senipervirens, but not difficult to see on Iberis linifolia at Hyeres. 

 On November 9th, 1908, I found two larvfe near the quarries at the 

 back of the Villa les Rossignols, Costebelle ; one in the third stage, 

 with the greater part of the head black, and the other in the fourth 

 stage. On November 15th Mr. Raine found eight larvae on one plant, 

 nearly all fullfed. This was in a clay quarry near the Col de Serre. 

 The plant was eaten down almost to a stump, no leaves, flowers, or 

 fruit remaining. We found larvae on other plants of the same species 

 in the same quarry, but many vigorous and flourishing specimens had 

 no larvi-B on them. In another quarry, near La Mauniere, I took one 

 full-fed P. manni, one P. rapae, and several P. brassicae on some small 

 plants of Diplotaxia eriicoides, growing near together. In these 

 quarries the plants were not sheltered from the sun. In autumn the 

 female apparently does not choose plants in particularly sheltered 

 positions. When getting ready for pupation the full-fed larva leaves 

 the food-plant and wanders away to a considerable distance before it 

 finally spins up on the sheltered side of some rock or stone, or in a 

 crevice of the rock. It attaches itself in the fashion of P. rapae. The 

 larva of this species has pronounced cannibal instincts. I have 

 found it consequently rather difficult to rear a number together. The 

 3'oung larvfe often devour the eggs, and themselves fall a prey to their 

 larger brothers, especially at moulting time, when they cannot escape. 



(To be continued.) 



Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe. 



By MALCOLM BURK, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc. 



(Continued from p. 13.) 



Genus II: Gryllus, Linn. { = Acheta, Fabr.). 



This genus includes the typical crickets ; the species are very 

 numerous in most parts of the world, but only a few occur in Europe. 



The body is cylindrical and hairy, and the head very obtuse, and 

 often very large. The elytra are very flat above, generall}' perfectly 

 developed. The wings are generally caudate, but sometimes abbreviated. 



The species are medium-sized, or fairly large insects, usually rather 

 stout in build. 



The first two species are separated by de Saussure into a distinct 

 genus Liofjryllus, which is adopted by Bolivar, but rejected by Brunner. 



Table of Species. 

 1. Hinder tibifE with three to six spines on each above 

 (exchiding apical spurs). 



•2. Head all black, with no white lines ; ocelli 

 arranged in a gently arched line. 

 3. Head much broader than pronotura .. ..1. campestris, L. 



3.3. Head not broader than pronotum. 



4. Large ; elytra generally long, with a yellow 



basal spot; wings generally caudate .. 2. bimaculatds, DeGeer. 

 4.4. Smaller ; elytra generally short, paler at 



the base ; wings generally hidden . . 3. desertus, Pall. 



