68 THE entomolo(tIst's record. 



black, and with a single black hair. The much larger shiny black 

 tubercles have a light-coloured or colourless hair each. As in the case 

 of the thoracic segments there are numerous very small black points 

 on the skin. Each black tubercle, small or large, rests on a black, 

 suffused stain, seemingly beneath the skin. The very small tubercles 

 have a correspondingly small base stain. The yellow lines are free 

 from the very large tubercles. The skin is covered with a minute net- 

 work of "lemon-rind" cells, giving it a granular appearance when 

 magnified (40). The hairs from- the black tubercles have often a 

 very small " knob" at the free extremity. The eversible chin-glands 

 noticed by Mr. Harrison {FJnt. Eecord, vol. xx., p. 253) are often 

 visible when the larva is walking and when it is irritated. 



Pupation. — When getting ready to pupate, the larva of I', inaniu 

 spins a carpet of silk, makes a pad of silk to which it attaches itself by 

 its anal pair of claspers, and spins a thin cord of silk, composed of 

 many strands. This is fixed on either side of the larva to the stone 

 or rock on which it is resting, and passes over the first subdivision of 

 the 2nd abdominal segment, pressing closely to the skin, and 

 holding the larva fairly closely to the rock. The attachments are, in 

 the case of a larva which has spun up in horizontal position, opposite 

 the incision between the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments, and the silk 

 cord leans forward to the point where it crosses the larva. When the 

 larva spins up vertically, it sinks back to some extent, the centre or 

 anterior portion of the 3rd segment coming opposite the attachments, 

 the forward incline of the cord being in consequence less accentuated. 

 On the day after spinning up, the larva will have contracted to some 

 extent, so that, in both cases, the incline of the silk cord will then be 

 less. After spinning up, certain modifications take place in the shape 

 of the larva. There is a shrinking in length, and a swelling of the 

 segments. The thoracic segments are raised and distended dorsally by 

 the thoracic ridge of the pupa, which is evidently developing beneath 

 the larval skin. The mesothoracic segment is particularly aft'ected, as 

 the highest point of the ridge is beneath it. The head is pushed 

 forward and downwards. The 1st abdominal segment appears 

 narrowed and reduced. In reality I suppose the reason for this is 

 that it has not swollen out in proportion to the others. On 

 the day following pupation the colour of the larva, already 

 dulled, has changed to a pale purplish-blue above, the yellow lines 

 remaining, though faded. A specimen under observation pupated 

 about 28 hours after spinning up, but the time taken depends to a 

 great extent upon the temperature. Some are much longer about it. 

 When the skin is being cast the abdomen is arched. The skin splits 

 down the back of the thorax, and shrinks off backwards aided by the 

 efforts of the larva. It passes under the silk cord and collects in a 

 heap at the posterior extremity of the pupa. The cremaster is then 

 slipped out of, and over, the mass of skin, and hooks on to the silk pad. 

 The abdomen, strongly arched, is then worked round and round so that 

 the hooks of the cremaster may get a good grip of the pad, and this 

 movement is continued until the shrivelled skin, which has passed 

 under the last segments, falls. The angles of the pupa are blunt and 

 the front of thorax and head-parts are flattened anteriorly and blunted 

 to begin with. They assume their normal shapes in about an hour. 



Pupa. — As in the case of many other Pierids, the pupa of P. manni 



