NOTES ON PIERIS MANNI, MAYER. 69 



has two colour-forms. Three larvas bred in August produced light 

 green pupaj, which soon gave the perfect insect, but all the larvje 

 which pupated in October and November changed to light grey pupje, 

 destined to pass two or three months at least in this state. Descrip- 

 tion of the grey form of pupa : — Total length from 16-5mm. to 19mm. 

 The following measurements are of a pupa 18'6mm. in total length. 

 Length of snout l-5mm.; from apex of wing-case to end of cremaster 

 6"5mm. ; depth of thorax from highest point of thoracic ridge 5nim. ; 

 depth of wing-case from highest point of lateral ridge 4 5mm. ; length 

 of cremaster -GSmm. Colour : When freshly changed it is watery- 

 green, purplish down the back. The yellow lines of the larva now run 

 along the dorsal and lateral ridges of the pupa. On the day following 

 the change the purplish colour of the dorsum has become grey, the 

 watery-green is restricted to the wing-cases, and the ridge lines have 

 paled to a yellowish-grey. Finally the pupa becomes pale grey, very 

 slightly darker on the thorax and wing-cases. The yellow dorsal line 

 is very pale. It starts at the end of the snout as a pale yellow spot, 

 is continued over the thoracic crest, is very much effaced on 1st and 

 2nd abdominal segments where the ridge is low, becoming clearer 

 again on the following segments along the ridge, where it is inter- 

 rupted by a black spot at the beginning of each segment. The thoracic 

 ridge has also several black spots or patches, the highest part of the 

 crest having two, generally running together to form one elongated 

 spot. A small projection, tipped with black, rises above the base of 

 each antenna-case. The snout, bluntly pointed, has a roughened, 

 though shiny, surface above, Avrinkled beneath, is pale grey, tipped 

 with very pale yellow, sprinkled with small black specks on the sides. 

 All the appendage-cases are deeply wrinkled (viewed under microscope 

 X 50 approx.), the maxilla-, leg-, and antenna-cases transversely, wing- 

 cases irregularly. There are square spots at regular intervals along 

 the antenna-cases. These are sometimes black, but often verj- pale. 

 Antenna-cases reach a little beyond the apices of wing-cases, the 

 maxillfe going further still, projecting well over the 5th abdominal 

 segment. Their ends, which lie pressed together, are tipped with 

 brown or black. Eye with roughened pitted surface, most of the pits 

 spotted black. Glazed eye, greenish. Thorax irregularly wrinkled, 

 and sprinkled with small brown pits. The abdominal segments are 

 similarly pitted ; pits brownish on dorsum, not specially coloured 

 beneath. On dorsal ridge there is, at the front of each abdominal 

 segment, just before the black patch, a whitish, waxy-looking lump, 

 more prominent in some specimens than in others. (This white, 

 waxy lump is much better developed in Pieris brossicae, rather less so 

 in P. rapae.) Apart from the darkened pits, there is a number of 

 larger black spots on the surface of the pupa. These are, along the 

 nervures of the wings small, on the thorax few, but numerous and 

 larger on the abdominal segments. They occur all round the 7th and 

 8th abdominal segments, but do not extend as far as the ventral centre 

 on the 5th and 6th abdominals, though they are of large size on these 

 segments. The ventral centre of these two segments is marked with two 

 long patches of black. The lateral ridge is not very high on abdominal 

 segments. It reaches its maximum in two black-tipped points on the 

 2nd and 3rd abdominals over the wing-cases and then ends. Over 

 the wing-cases the ridge is slightly hollowed and leans out a very 



