130 THE entomologist's record. 



For pupation, the larva seeks a piece of rotten wood or soft 

 spongy bark ; it will readily accept a piece of elder pith, or 

 probably anything in which it can easily make a burrow, and it 

 will adopt a hole alread^' partially made. It is not particular 

 as to the direction in which it burrows, but seems to prefer to 

 enter horizontally and then turn upwards, resulting in the pupa 

 resting head downwards. The depth of the burrow varies from 

 i|- to 2^ inches, generally about if inches (45 mm.). This is 

 made very rapidly, often in three or four hours, usually eight to 

 ten, no doubt varying with the nature of the material ; the 

 width is 7 to 8 mm. The larva throws out all the excavated 

 material, then when the tube is completed, he stretches out 

 his head and picks up some of the chips or any other material 

 within reach, and, with this and some silk, makes a tolerably 

 firm diaphragm across the opening. Then, retiring to the 

 bottom of the excavation, he there makes the cocoon proper. 

 In shaping this out, some further chips are sometimes placed 

 loosely in the space between the outer diaphragm and the top 

 of the cocoon proper. The top of the cocoon is made firmly of 

 silk and chips, and lined closely and smoothly with silk, the 

 walls have but little silk, but, at the base, some strong silk is 

 loosely disposed round the sides, and it is in this that the pupa 

 takes such a firm and abundant entanglement with the anal 

 spines and groove. The space between the outer defence and 

 the cocoon proper varies from half an inch to an inch, accord- 

 ing to the depth of the burrow. 



The pupa (PL III., figs. 4, 4a, ^b, ^c), in texture, form, and 

 general outline, is of the psi type, and indeed very like psi, a 

 little darker in colour, and the free segments tapering rather 

 more regularly. The length is 17 to 22 mm., divided between 

 wings portion 10 mm., free segments 8 mm. ; width 5 mm ; 

 colour rich deep brown with indications of a black dorsal line, 

 and the incisions (dorsally of course) of segments 4, 5, 6 and 7 

 a little raised into a sharp line of nearly black colour. The 

 back covered by well separated minute pits. Wing cases faintly 

 corrugated and showing veins. Two hairs at the bases of the 

 antennae, very small but distinct. Also two fine brown bristles 

 between the eyes, difficult to find, but quite obvious when 

 found. Claws of 3rd pair of feet just visible. The spiracles 

 present a fine raised border, but are not decidedly prominent 

 as in psi, Icporina, etc. The anal armature is more elaborate 

 and specialised than in any other species. There is this 

 difficulty in observing it properly, that it is constructed for 



