174 THE entomologist's record. 



pupa, when newly moulted, had been marked by lying against 

 something. There are, however, when fully developed, two of 

 these on each side of each segment, the 4 filling up the space 

 from side to side between the wing covers. The pitting and 

 these depressions are most marked on 5, and tend to be 

 disposed in two transverse series on each segment, the whole 

 arrangement bearing some resemblance to the special sculp- 

 turing on the pupa of ligustri. In mcgaccphala, however, it is 

 never very marked, and in many specimens only to be traced 

 in comparison with a more decided instance. In the last 

 larval skin I noted a very curious depression immediately 

 behind the supra-spiracular tubercle ; this is even more marked 

 in the pupa, especially in 7, 8, 9 and 10. At least there is a 

 deep pit on these segments at a situation that very closely, if 

 not absolutely, corresponds with that in the larva, it is evident 

 enough in 11 and 12, and in 6 and 7 is a deeper portion of the 

 hollows referred to above. 



The anal armature consists of a boss on the dorsal half of 

 the otherwise rounded end of the pupa ; this boss is black, 

 closely wrinkled longitudinally and armed with about 18 

 spines or hooks. Of these two are dorsal, the remainder are 

 disposed as a fan or fringe round the vertical margin, four 

 along the extreme end and six or seven on either side, closely 

 bunched together. These spines have an elegant curvature 

 and terminate in a hook forming nearly three-fourths of a circle, 

 the dorsal ones curl downwards, the terminal ones upwards, 

 and the lateral ones in several directions. It is impossible to 

 resist believing that the dorsal spines correspond with the 

 dorsal ones of tridens, the four central with the four central of 

 that species, and the lateral take the position of the lateral 

 spine, the only difference from tridens being this multiplication 

 of the outer vertical spine. As in alni, these spines secure a 

 very firm hold of the silk of the cocoon, which is wound 

 round and amongst them most firmly. 



I have no record showing that mcgaccphala misses a moult, 

 but I did get into a confusion the first year I bred the species, 

 as to the number of moults ; which probably arose from some 

 four moulters occurring, those which I specially observed the 

 second year all moulted five times. Megacephala is the most 

 accomplished of all the species in passing more than one 

 winter as a pupa, though it is run rather closely by Icporina. 

 More than half a brood usually goes over to the second year, 

 and this year (i8gi) I had three pupee left of larvae of 1887, of 



