16 THE entomologist's RECORD. 



colour and usually more blue in the hindwing ocellus. The first 

 variety seemed dependent on a cool, comparatively contrastless climate^ 

 the second one on hotter summers and stronger contrasts of temperature. 



Obviously, if this were so, proof could be easily adduced by 

 rearing one brood of T'. io, after having divided the ova into two parts^ 

 under the two different kinds of temperature conditions in question, 

 and, if not only the pupal developments, but also those of the larval 

 and oval stages were responsible to any extent for the variation of the- 

 markings and colours in the imagines, then, though there was the 

 difficulty, that " pupal" heat or cold forms might be facially identical 

 with "larval" heat or cold forms, yet the actual identity of either 

 pupal or larval forms could be exposed by further methods of com- 

 parison. Thus the different series from one brood of V. io, suitable 

 for this purpose, should be obtainable by dividing a batch of fresh ova 

 into two parts, and hatching and rearing one part in the day temperature 

 of a sunny, hot season, and the other in the mean shade and night 

 temperature of a cool season — again dividing the resulting pupae of 

 each part into four other separate parts ; one each to develop under 

 the same conditions as thelarv?e and ova ( + ° larvae and +°pupa3 ; — ^ 

 larvfe and — °pupte), one each to develop under opposite conditions 

 (+° larvfe and ■ — ° pupag; — ° larvfe and +° pupje), one each to be exposed 

 to repeated extremes of temperature — over 37°C. to 45°C. ( + ^extr. 

 pupfe), and one each to develop in the " normal warm " temperature 

 of about 18°C. (norm, warm pupse). The signs +° and — ° signify 

 20-37°C. and 8-15'-C. respectively. The following notes deal with 

 the results I obtained by rearing three broods of V. io from freshly- 

 laid ova, and one brood from wild larvte about a day old, of which 

 the ova had hatched under natural conditions, i.e., cool nights and 

 warm days. Two of the broods were treated exacth' in the way 

 described ; of another brood, one part of the ova was " iced " for 

 about a fortnight (17 days), the other ova and all the larv* were 

 treated to the mean shade temperature only, while of the last 

 brood all the larvae were reared quickly in temperatures above 

 20°C. by day and not below 15°C. by night. 



To simplify my text, I will call the two common varieties of T'. io 

 — i.e., the blue-spotted and the blue-banded forms — shown antea, 

 vol. xxi., pi. vii., figs. 9, 12, and figured and described together with 

 the protoid T'. io ab. Jischeri, Stdfss., in the Entoni., xlii., p. 311, 

 figs. 2, 3 — ab. mesoides and ab. teloides, and connect these names 

 relating to the markings of the forewings with others describing the 

 ground colour or the amount of blue in the hindwing ocellus. Thus 

 V. io ab. mesoides-dara and ab. teloides-ciara are the orange, and V. io 

 ab. niesoides-bruuneo and ab. teloides-brunnea the almost chocolate-brown 

 forms of both varieties. The names splendens and liicidocellata (vide 

 antea) refer to the extreme amount of blue in the hindwing ocelli, and 

 ab. nii/riocellata has a black hindwing ocellus with only four or five 

 separate blue spots. Ab. ))ia//niniacnlata has very much enlarged 

 white spots in the forewing ocelli, while in ab. parvimacidata the 

 white spots below the ocellus tend to disappear ( = ab. exniaculata 

 trans.), and the spots inside the ocellus are very small. Ab. nian/inalis 

 has black marginal spots of such size, that they tend to coalesce and 

 form a black margin in the forewing. In the following records the 

 relations between the facial details of the imagines and the conditions 



