190 THE entomologist's record. 



extended its range and is now to be found in some numbers on the 

 opposite side of the valley, and occasionally all the way along the 

 Csernathal. We obtained some fresh specimens during our first day's 

 collecting at Herculesbad (June 28th) and others were met with on 

 many succeeding days, so that we were able to obtain a very fine series 

 including a number of ? s ; the species seems, however, to have a 

 short period of emergence, and by July 12th the majority of the ^ s 

 were badly damaged. /'. roxelana is not easy to catch, but, if the right 

 methods be adopted, only the minority of those that come within reach 

 escape. Sometimes the insect starts up at one's feet and it can then 

 be caught on the wing, but more often it is to be observed pitching on 

 the trunk of a tree and then the " scraping " method must be used. 

 The tree must be approached very quietly since the insect is very 

 sensitive to noise ; when the butterfly is within reach the net is 

 approached very cautiously to within a foot of it, and then the 

 moment for decisive action has arrived. The mouth of the 

 net is clapped smartly over the resting butterfly and in the 

 same movement, the collector draws the net quickl}^ toAvards him ; the 

 first part of the movement induces the butterfly to start up into the 

 net, the second ensures that it stays there, and success is not affected 

 by the diameter of the tree. As has been recorded by previous 

 observers also, P. roxelana has a special affection for the exudation 

 from the bark of oaks, and in the afternoon considerable numbers 

 were sure to be seen flying about certain trees ; these were, however, 

 usually out of reach. Another very marked characteristic of the 

 species is the regularitj' with which it returns to a place from which 

 it has been frightened, so that patience is almost invariably rewarded. 

 P. cUmene has not been observed at Herculesbad, even by Hungarian 

 collectors, since Miss Pountaine found it there in 1897, but this is 

 probably, because, as she has since informed us, she obtained it only 

 by taking a short cut up the Domogled. Her more direct route avoids 

 the Kleiner Domogled, but involves climbing for some distance on the 

 hands and knees, and is probably not often vised. False hopes were 

 roused in ourselves by a very singular specimen taken at the head of 

 the valley ; this turned out, however, to be a remarkable $ aberration 

 of Kpinepliile jurtina, which has on its underside hindwing a row of 

 five large yellow-ringed black spots, so that by the underside alone it 

 can scarcely be distinguished from P. cUiiiene. Other specimens of 

 E. jurtina are large, but are not, as might have been expected, of the 

 form var. hispulla. We were also surprised to find only the form var. 

 ef/erides of P. ei/eria : so far south the type might have been expected 

 to occur. Other Satyrids found at Herculesbad have already been 

 mentioned. 



Perhaps the chief attraction which drew us to Hungar}-, was the 

 chance of observing and obtaining Erebia welas. In 1909 we became 

 familiar in the Pyrenees with the characteristics of E. lefehrrei (Ent. 

 Pec, vol. xxii., p. 109), and at Herculesbad we succeeded in making 

 the acquaintance of f.'. vielas, but it appears to be a less accessible 

 species than the former, and we cannot claim to have attained in this 

 case to the same degree of familiarity. Other English collectors have 

 usually left Herculesbad before this species had appeared, and Miss 

 Fountaine is the only one who has actually caught it. She first met 

 with it on July 21st, 1897, and states that it was common, though 



