ON THE SCAPHIUJI OF GOSSE. 287 



In looking to find some other group besides PapiUo with a 

 pronounced scaphium, one turns at first naturally to the Hexperidae. 

 Here in Si/riehthtis one finds at once a process very like the Papilionid 

 scaphium, a process below the uncus and with very varied armament. 

 On examination, however, one finds that it is below, and quite separate 

 from, the anus, and is neither scaphium or subscaphiura, but the ventral 

 plate (sternite) of the 10th abdominal segment. 



In the yi/iii/i/iali(lae the two plates of the 10th segment are often 

 well developed, but neither scaphium nor subscaphium is present. 



In the Sp/a)uiiilai' the condition is much the same, but usually in 

 the Xi/miihalidae the two plates are small, simple, and articulated 

 together, and when open they just give room for the anus. In the 

 Sphini/idae they are more frequently long and curved, looking, on lateral 

 view, something like the opened beak of a raptorial bird. In a few 

 cases the uncus is bifurcate and even the sternite also, and the anus 

 centrally between them. 



In some Xutodontidae we find four similar pieces, each one, however, 

 ratber more independent of the others than in the SpJiiniiidae. Here 

 one says, at first, is something to support those who see a close relation- 

 ship between the Sjdtiniiidac and the XuPjdnntidat'. It is, how^ever, not 

 so. All four processes belong to the 10th tergite, the anus being well 

 below them. Then, of course, one would suppose the two lower are 

 scaphiu.m. No, there is an anal tube projecting, but it is perfectly 

 free from these dorsal processes, and is supported by a slight sub- 

 scaphium. (Noted from I'tilodmitis jialpiua, others seem to be fairly 

 identical.) This piece may be called the "subuncus" (Plate xi). 



The name "scaphium," as used erroneously, is sometimes perhaps 

 applied to the "subscaphium," but more usually to the 10th abdominal 

 sternite, and this piece, if one objects to "tenth abdominal sternite "as 

 being a description and not a name, is in want of a short name. If so, 

 I would call it the "gnathus" (yvadoi), anglicised "gnath," in allusion 

 to its so often resembling a lower jaw, as in the NyinpIiaUdae, PiiraV.dae, 

 etc., where, with the uncus, the resemblance to a beak is often very 

 strong. 



P.S. — Since writing this note I have seen Dr. McDunnough's paper 

 in the ('anadiaii Entoiiiolo;/ist. for June, 1911, and observe that he has, 

 like so many others, fallen into the same error as myself, and whijh I 

 have here corrected, c/c., regarding the "scaphium" of Gosse as sub- 

 anal, whereas it is really supra-anal. It may be noted that the 

 " tegumen " of Buchanan-White is the whole circle of the 9th abdominal 

 segment, though he refers to the lower portion as a ring [Traufi. 

 Linn. Soc, 2nd Ser., vol. i., p. 358, 1878(76)] . The restriction of the 

 treni "tegumen" to the dorsal portion, and giving the name "ring" 

 to the remainder, is thus possibly correct. 



Explanation of Plate X. 



Fig. A. — Portion of appendages of Papilio eritlionius (side view). 

 Fig. B. — Portion of appendages of P. mcrope (side view). 

 Fig. C. — Portion of appendages of P. nireus (side view). 

 In each cpse the numbers refer to : — 

 1. — Uncus. 

 2. — Scaphium^ 

 3. — Anus. 



