COLLECTING AMONG THP: VOLCANOES OF EASTERN JAVA. 219 



rolled out of the Bromo, whilst from the summit of the Semeroe puffs 

 of deep orange-coloured smoke shot up every few minutes and gradually 

 drifted away. I led my pony down into the " sand sea," and riding 

 across to the Bromo, walked up the steep slope to the summit, which 

 lies only 714 feet above the level of the " sand sea." This, however, 

 is itself between 8,500 and 9,000 feet above sea level. The vegetation 

 is very scanty, and consists chiefly of coarse grass ; in fact, the sand is 

 so sparsely covered that mirages are of frequent occurrence. The 

 rough slopes of the wall of the main crater support a much richer 

 vegetation. There are a good many tjemaras and mimosas, and there 

 is a thick herbaceous undergrowth, from which I disturbed so many 

 moths that I determined to visit it again next day on foot and armed 

 with my net. I discovered that the time each day for collecting 

 butterflies would be very short. For although almost every morning 

 begins at sunrise with a cloudless sky, and the hills stand out sharp in 

 the clear air, at about 10 o'clock clouds form on the sides of the 

 mountains and gradually increase, spreading upwards and downwards, 

 until the whole summit is enveloped in a vast mass of clouds which 

 does not disperse till sunset. At first it is too cold for butterflies to 

 fly, and, just as they are fully on the wing, the first wisps of damp 

 cloud appear, and soon a fine drizzling rain begins, and lasts from 

 about midday till late afternoon. 



As I had decided, I left the hotel at 7.30 a.m. the next morning, 

 and soon saw four species of Lycaenid, Lainpi'les boetiats, Cataclni/sops 

 strabo, Fabr , Enchri/snps cik'Jiik, Fabr., and a large form of Zizera otis, 

 the first named being much the commonest. Climbing a little higher 

 I met with dozens of Pi/raiiwia cardid, rather small, but otherwise 

 typical, and saw multitudes of their larvte feeding on a species of 

 Aftemma. At about 7,000 feet An/i/nni'^ uiphe var. javanomx was seen, 

 the males of which are much smaller and paler than those met with in 

 Ceylon. The female, with its white apical band, closely resembles 

 Danais cJtrysijJinia, of which it is generally accepted to be a mimic. 

 But though I took the species on numerous occasions in Java and 

 Ceylon, where I also saw hundreds of the Danaid, and was more than 

 once deceived by mistaking the An/nnnis for the Danaid, I never saw 

 the two species in the same locality ; the Ari/i/nnis prefers a different 

 kind of country, and lives at a much greater elevation. In Japan, 

 where the fritillary is met with, the Danais does not exist. The male 

 Aniynnis flies swiftly and low down over the grassy banks, the female 

 is slower on the wing, but both love to rest with wings expanded on 

 the path. On the whole I am inclined to regard this as one of those 

 cases of accidental resemblance, of which many other wonderful 

 examples could be collected. It is misleading, because the geographical 

 range of the two species is closely similar. The white apical band is 

 common to many groups of Nymphalines and is probably ancestral. 

 These curious accidental resemblances must occur, owing to the strictly 

 limited range of size of Lepidoptera and of possible colours and 

 patterns, but it must not be thought that my remarks are intended to 

 cast any doubt on the theories of mimicry, which are far too well 

 founded to be shaken by the necessity of discarding one commonly 

 quoted example. 



Somewhat higher is a more level stretch covered with tjemara trees 

 and with a carpet of pink flowered brambles, and it was in this part 



