104 THE entomologist's record. 



species in many instances vary so exceedingly in the colour and markings 

 of the elytra as to give one a deal of trouble in determining the name 

 of the species to which it belongs. The most variable of the group 

 undoubtedly are Adalia bipttnctata, Coccinel/a \o-punctata, and C. 

 hieroglyphica. Other species also vary considerably, but not to the 

 same extent as these three. The type form of A. bipundata has red 

 elytra with a black spot on each side. Sometimes, (perhaps owing to 

 the disarrangement of the black pigment by moisture as it pupates) the 

 black spots spread over the elytra, leaving two red spots visible near 

 the apex, and at the humerus. Then again the black markings take 

 the form of a cross, and in some varieties the pattern is indescribable. 

 In C. lo-punctata we have endless varieties, the most pronounced 

 being black with testaceous humeral spots. In some instances, we find 

 an entire absence of black markings, or the dark are replaced by white 

 markings. Some specimens have a coronet of spots on the thorax, but 

 this feature is not wholly confined to C. lo-punctata. In C. hieroglyphica 

 the type form has five distinct black markings on the elytra, and between 

 this and the black form there are many gradations. A specimen in the 

 exhibit (captured at Esher) has black elytra with four red spots. A 

 second (from West Wickham) somewhat resembles it, but has also a 

 red border to the elytra. {To be continued.') 



Development of Imago within Pupa. — I find that Valeria okagina 

 matures before winter, and passes the winter as an imago, within the 

 pupa shell, like the Tceniocampas. This habit has some bearing, or at 

 least, it is illustrated in some of its physiological aspects, by the 

 instances recorded of a moth not developing its wings for many hours 

 after emergence. Will no one rear some common Tceniocampas in 

 quantity, and tell us all about this curious habit ? what other species 

 possess it? — T. A. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford. 



Classification by Structure of Imago. — I feel so sure that Mr. 

 Tutt's remarks on my system of classification {ante, p. 50) are prompted 

 by a genuine interest in science, and desire for the truth, that I have 

 no doubt he will allow me space to point out quite briefly where he has 

 unintentionally mis-stated the facts of the case. In the first place, my 

 system is not based on neuration, but on the structure of the imago, of 

 which, of course, neuration forms a part only. The whole of the struc- 

 ture is noted and made use of wherever available. Secondly, my 

 papers, referred to by Mr. Tutt, consist solely of an immense body of 

 facts, wholly founded on original observation, and in large part new 

 (being the structural characters which I have observed in eacli species, 

 and often in a very large number of individuals of each species) ; and 

 of a small number of conclusions drawn from these facts (namely, the 

 ordinal grouping of these species in genera and families). These con- 

 clusions may, of course, be wrong ; I, at least, have never laid claim to 

 infallibility ; but unless it can be shown that a large proportion of the 

 structural facts are false (which is not alleged), I submit that the 

 accumulation of so large a body of scientific facts cannot be regarded 

 as " utterly useless ; " and I feel sure that Mr. Tutt will, on this showing, 

 willingly withdraw the epithet. Thirdly, I would point out that Mr. Tutt's 

 use of the term, " superficial," is not in accordance with its general 

 acceptation in science ; where it is employed to denote all such charac- 

 ters as are not structural, such as colour, markings and habit. The 



