132 THE entomologist's TiPrORD. 



probably, saw the type collection of Schiffermiiller, and made their 

 descriptions or figures from it. It seems to me that in this way Ave 

 know with sufficient certainty what the insects were to which names 

 are given in the Catalogue, and that if Hnfnagel is admitted to rank for 

 priority on the identification of Eotteml)urg, so Scliiffermiiller and 

 Denis shouhl be allowed tlie same honour in all cases where their 

 names are attested by these later eye-witnesses. 



We next come to three men, Fabricius, Esper and Eorkhausen, who 

 were to a large extent contemporaries, and whose published works ovei- 

 lap. Fabricius, a Dane, was Professor of Natural History at Kiel. From 

 Linnfeus, Avith whom he liA'ed for two years on terms of the greatest 

 intimacy, he acquired a lo\'e of order and accuracy of expression. He de- 

 voted himself to the study of the Avhole class Insecta. He was a gi-eat 

 traveller, A'isiting this country many times, and making the acquaintance 

 of the leading entomologists of the da}-. In 1784 he A'isited Vienna 

 specially to make the acquaintance of the aiithors of the Vienna Cataloijiif, 

 and to see the collection which contained their types. These he described 

 in a Avork published in 1787, under the names used in the F/Vir/m Cafakxpn', 

 and in each case, with a precise reference to the CaiaJoijne. In 1790 he 

 visited Paris, where he varied his entomological studies by forming 

 fi-iendships Avith the leaders of the EcA^olution, and Avitnessed many of 

 the scenes of that eventful period. Fabricius Avas a A-oluminous Avriter, 

 and his works, the first of Avhich appeared in 1775, and the last in 

 1798, although not illustrated, contain adequate descriptions, accom- 

 panied by references to, and synonyms fi-om other authors. He shoAvs 

 no sign of any acquaintance Avith the laboi;rs of Hufnagel and 

 Eottemburg. Many species are first named in his works, among 

 them ednsa. Esper, who Avas a Professor at Erlangen, confined his 

 attention to lepidoptera. His Avork is in fiA'e volumes, the first of 

 which appeared in 1777. It deals only Avith the macro-lepidoptera, 

 and contains coloured figures Avith lengthy descriptions. Eeferences 

 are given to Hufnagel and Eottendjurg, and their names adopted. 

 Fabricius, the Vienna Catalogue, and other authorities are also alluded 

 to. Eorkhausen, Avho Avas connected Avith the forest administration 

 of Darmstadt, published at Frankfort, betAveen 1788 and 1794, 

 The Natural History of European LepiilojAera, in five A'olumes. In this 

 the species are systematically arranged, full descriptions of imago, larva 

 and pupa are given, and a fcAv figures. Eorkhausen, like Fabricius, Avas 

 a profound student of the literature of his sul)ject, and giA^es copious 

 references to earlier authors. He Avas the last author of this period to 

 recognise the claims of Hufnagel and Eottemburg as nomenclators. 

 MeanAvhile in Augsburg lived an artist named Jacob Hiibner, Avho 

 devoted his leisure to the study of lepidoptera, and to Avhom Ave are in- 

 debted for the most magnificent contribution to the literature of the 

 subject that the Avorld has CA^er seen, or is CA'er likel}' to see. This 

 comprises three volumes containing OA-er 4U0 plates coloured by hand 

 of larvae and pnpaj Avith the food-plants, the artistic beauty of Avhich is 

 only equalled by their truthfulness. There are also Aa'c A'olumes con- 

 taining more than 700 plates, similarly coloured, of imagines, in Avhich 

 are nearly 4,000 separate figures. There are also descriptions of the 

 species figured and synonymic references to other authors. Hiibner 

 based his nomenclature to a very gi-eat extent on that of the Vienna 

 Catalogue, using the Catalogue names, CA'en Avhere he kneAv that prior 



