soniETiEs. 133 



names were in existence. It is not improbable that ho was personally 

 acquainted with Schiffermiiller, whose name occurs among the sub- 

 scribers to the -svork. A great many new species were named l\v him, 

 and he lias left his mark largely on our existing nomenclature. His 

 ])ublications, whicli include some smaller works, as well as his Miuimuii 

 Opus, range from 1785 to 1824. 



In 179o, William Lewin, an ornithologist as well as an entomologist, 

 wlio lived at Dartford and Hoxton. j^ul dished a volume of coloured plates 

 of British butterflies, with notes in English and French on their habits, 

 localities, food-plant of the larva. Sec, but without descriptions of the 

 imago. He uses the Hufnagel and Rottemburg names icarus and 

 thaumas, as well as some of the Vienna Cataloijiie names, but evidently 

 accpiired them in a round al)Out way, as he attributes them all to 

 Linnaeus. Two years before, in 1793, Edward Donovan, a man of 

 property, commenced the issue of a series of coloured figures witii 

 descriptions and observations of British specimens of the class Insecta. 

 He was an al)ler man than Lewin, and seems to have possessed almost 

 all the entomological literature available at that date, although he knew 

 nothing of Forster, nor of Hufnagel and liottemburg. He took 

 Fabricius for his chief guide, and adopted his names even in preference 

 to those of Linnams. His work Avas not completed till 1802. He has 

 left his mark to a slight extent upon our nomenclature, especially in 

 the Micro- lepidoi)tera. Greater than either of these, and a man worthy 

 to take his place l)y the side of the great Continental authors of the 

 period at whom we have been glancing, was Adrian Hardy Haworth, a 

 man of property, who, though educated as a law3^er, devoted his life to the 

 study of Botany, Ornithology and Entomology. Part of his life was 

 passed at Cottingham, in the neighlwurhood of Hull, and part at Chelsea. 

 He formed a collection of lepidoptera containing 1,100 species, and 300 

 varieties. Altogether he never travelled beyond his own coxuitry, he 

 had an extensive acquaintance with Continental literature, being 

 familiar with the works of all the writers we have mentioned save those 

 of Hufnagel and Eotteml)urg. He published a work on British lepi- 

 doptera, the first part of which ai)pearedin 1803, and the last in 1828. 

 This contains ample Latin descriptions of all the species known to him, 

 with copious references to the works of previous authors. In the preface 

 he laments the fact that while his countrymen have acquired an ex- 

 tensive knowledge of botany, yet few in Europe have advanced with 

 less success into the sister science of entomology. In nomenclature, he 

 chiefly follows Hiibner. Noticing that Linnaeus had not applied the 

 principle of a uniform terminal to the Bombyces and Noctu.?;, he j^ro- 

 posed to rectify Avhat he considered a mere oversight of the great Swede 

 by making all the trivial names of Bombyces end in us, and of Noctil^ 

 in ina. This alteration, which he carried out in a preliminary cata- 

 logue, did not meet with general acceptance, as he confesses in an 

 appendix, nor is this to be wondei'ed at when it resulted in such names 

 as zlczacus, pisina, gammina. 



With HaAvorth, what I have designated the " formative period " of 

 trivial nomenclature, comes to an end. It is true that from time to 

 time names are given to newly discovered or differentiated species, 

 but henceforth the chief attention of authors is given (and Hiibner and 

 Haworth mark a transitional period in this respect) to classification, and 

 especially to the multiplication of genera and the origination of new 



