SOCIETIES. 135 



guide, although they were frequently aware of earlier names. Godart 

 is the only one who shows evidence of a profound study of synonymy, 

 and he alone gives references to Hufnagel and Eottemlnirg in the 

 Encyclopaadia list of butterflies. Guenee formulates the principles 

 which guided him in the names he adojited, the general tendency of 

 which was to accept priority of publication, but not as giving the right 

 to disturb long estal)lislied usage. He empliatically declares his ad- 

 hesion to the Vienna Catalogue. One curious principle he adopts is to 

 place after a name, as its sponsor, the author who hrst described or 

 figured tlie insect, whether he really gave the name or not. As a result 

 he attributes many names to authors who lived in the pre-Linna^an times 

 — an unscientific method in which he was not followed by Doubleday. 

 Keturning now to Germany, we find that Hiibner was succeeded by 

 Ochsenheimer an actor of repute in Leipsig who in 1807 commenced 

 the publication of a treatise on European lepidoptera. This consists of 

 descriptions of larv^, pupae and imagines, with copious synonymic 

 references, showing acquaintance with all the earlier authors ; it is not 

 illustrated. Ochsenheimer only lived long enough to deal with the 

 Rhopalocera, Si»hinges and Bombyces. After his deatli tlie completion 

 of the work Avas undertaken by his friend Frederick Treitschke, busi- 

 ness manager of the Court Theatre at Vienna. His first volume 

 was pidDlished in 1825, but tlie work was not finished till 1835, the 

 last v(dume consisting chiefly of su})plementary notes to the earlier 

 volumes, but containing also a systematic catalogue of the whole European 

 lepidoptera. In Augsburg, between 1828 and 1858, Freyer published a 

 series of coloured plates, Avith accompanying letterpress, of a good many 

 lepidoptera. In Eatisbon, Dr. Herrich-SchafFer, a keen practical col- 

 lector, occupied what time he could spare from a busy medical practice in 

 preparing a work on the same lines as that of Hiil)ner, to which it is a 

 sort of supplement. This is in six volumes, and contains 672 coloured 

 plates, many of them by Geyer, which are Avorthy of a place by the side 

 of those of Hiibner, and deal very largely Avith varieties. The work Avas 

 published in parts, the first of Avhich appeared in 1843, the last in 1856. 

 iso far as trivial nomenclature is concerned, the later German authors, 

 whom we have n(iAv passed in revicAv, fall into line Avith their French 

 contemporaries, taking Hiibner as their guide, and at this time nomen- 

 clature Avas in a fairly settled condition. Noav, however, in the land of 

 Luther ap}ieared the nomenclature reformer in the person of Dr. Otto 

 Staudinger of Dresden, Avho seems to have been the first to make the 

 attempt resolutely to apply the " laAv of priority." Dr. Staudino-er is a 

 thoroughly practical entcuuologist, and has made himself personally 

 acquainted with the fauna of widely separated countries. In 1861 he 

 published, in connection Avitli Dr. Wocke, a physician of Wratislaw, a 

 catalogue of European lepidoptera, Avhicli obtained a very favouj-able re- 

 ception. Mr. Stainton strongly commends it in the InieUlqencer. Mr. 

 Kirby folloAvs it in 1862, and even a French entouKdogist ado])ts its 

 nomenclature so early as 1868. In 1 871, a second editi(Ui Avas produced, 

 and it Avas upon this that Mr. South founded his Entomolo(jist Synony- 

 mic List. This second edition is much more elaborate than the first, 

 and contains a list of synonymic references, Avhich is aliout as complete 

 as possible, and Avliich is only riA^alled by Godart's list of butterflies 

 in the Encj/dopedie Mefhodique, and by Stephens' and Kirby's 

 Avorks to Avhich I shall allude later on. In the preface, Staudinger 



