194 THE entomologist's becord. 



the dark scales were seen throughout the area of the pupal wing, the 

 portion of tlie imaginal wing actuall}^ developed, beyond the su2)posed 

 imaginal line on the pupa, being the dark Ixind on the outer margin, /.c, 

 beyond the ocellus, the pale creamy lunules on the extreme margin, 

 showing through the transjiarent pupal wing most distinctly. I then 

 examined Vanessa urticce, and I noticed that the red part of the real 

 imaginal wing reached to the supposed imaginal, outer marginal line on 

 the pupa, the dark outer margin of the imago, containing the blue 

 lunules, being developed between the imaginal line on pupa, and the 

 margin of the pupa itself. But my most satisfactory observation was on 

 Grapta c-album. The dark colour of the pupa, made observation at first 

 rather difficult, but as the scales got more and more highly coloured, it 

 became clear again, that just as in V. urticce, the line on the pupa sup- 

 posed to correspond with the outer margin of the wing, only bounded 

 the red portion of the wing, the dark outer margin being beyond. As 

 there is a distinct ridge leading from the line su})posed to be the bound- 

 ary of the imaginal wing and the margin of the pupal wing, it became 

 clear that this portion of the wing was bent downwards. Whilst making 

 these observations the imago emerged, and, sure enough, the outer mar- 

 gins of the wings were bent downwards. I was much surprised to note, 

 too, that at the moment of exclusion, and for a short time after, the 

 shape of the margin of the wing corresponded with the margin of the 

 pupal wing. Further, that the outer margin of the wing was almost 

 entire, although puckered and folded at the points which afterwards de- 

 velop into tips or angles, and that the angular projections are the last 

 part of the wings actually developed ; the downward direction of the 

 margins is retained, until the wings are thoroughly and completely ex- 

 panded. Such a result as I here record, was almost foreshadoAved in 

 Prof. Poulton's own paper. Speaking of the pupal venation, he says : — 

 " These lines cease at the limits of the area over which the wing will 1 le 

 formed (i.e., what he assumes to be the line on the pupa representing the 

 outer margin of the imago). Sometimes, however, their direction is 

 continued by irregular lines of pigment across the interval, between the 

 pupal and future imaginal hind margins. These irregular continuations 

 are, however, very different in character from the more defined aj)- 

 pearance of the lines which represent the venation. When the latter are 

 studied, in especially favourable species (e.g., in ataJanta) they are seen 

 to corresi^ond exactly with the future of the imaginal wing." This is 

 so. They do so correspond as far as they go, but the bending down of 

 the outer mai"gin of the wing, seems to offer a satisfactory explanation 

 as to their want of continuance to the outer margin. In the upper 

 part, the imaginal wing is regularly impressed, as it were, on the pupal 

 structure aljove, and gives it its character ; in the extreme outer margin 

 the folding of the membrane prevents the same general application, but 

 where it does occur, they are found to be traceable, as shown by Prof. 

 Toulton, to the outer margin of the pupa. Prof. Poulton makes another 

 remark, and gives drawings to show his meaning that, in " Grapta 

 c-alhum, which possesses a far more jagged hind margin than any other 

 British butterfl^^ the hind margin of the imago is far more jagged than 

 that of the corresi^onding line upon the pupa." Just so, this exactly 

 states the matter, but is to be explained at once by the fact that " the 

 corresponding line on the i:)upa," as Mr. Poulton calls it, does not re- 

 present the hind margin at all, but really represents the boundary of 



