THE PUPAL AND IMAGINAL WINGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 195 



tlie red colouring matter in c-allmm, and if any lepidopterist will com- 

 pare the line bordering the outer edge of the red colouring matter in 

 c-albtim, he will see that the hind margin of the imago is far more 

 jagged than that of the margin of the red colouring matter on the fore 

 wing.* 



These observations open uj? a new and delightful field of study, and 

 I dare say, some of the above suggestions may have to be considerably 

 modified, when further attention has been directed to them. I ought 

 hardly to conclude these remarks without thanking Dr. Chapman for 

 allowing me to worry him on the subject, and Messrs. Bowles, Wolfe 

 and Nesbitt for material to enable me to look into the matter. 



The antennce of Gonoptertjx rhamni. — Thanks to Mr. Bowles, who 

 sent me larvge of this species, I was enabled to make some observa- 

 tions on the development of its imaginal antenna, and the following 

 may be interesting. As I daresay is well-known, the antenna of this 

 species is comparatively short, the apex curved downwards, and 

 altogether unlike that of a typical Pierid. I was, therefore, rather sur- 

 pi'ised to find the pupal antenna somewhat close to that of typical 

 Pieridce, and determined to try to get some clue to the development of 

 the imaginal antenna, before exclusion. When I first noticed the 

 imaginal antenna forming inside that of the puj^a, the imaginal antenna 

 was already decidedly shorter than the pupal, the tip of the latter 

 (corresponding in part with the knob of Pierifi antenna), being empty, 

 but the tip of the imaginal antenna was not yet turned down ; bearing 

 thus considerable resemblance to a Colias antenna. Next day, the tip 

 of the imaginal antenna was still further from the tip of the pupal, the 

 former being bent down, and assuming the typical imaginal form. 

 The following day (some three or four hours before emergence), the 

 form of the typical imaginal antenna was very distinct, and was then 

 conspicuously shorter (about ^/lo to 1/12 of length of pupal antenna) than 

 the pujjal structure. My observations lead me to suppose that the 

 imaginal antenna only occupies the whole of the pupal antenna in the 

 very early stages of its development ; certainly by the time it becomes 

 visible from the outside, it is much shorter than the pupal structure, 

 and almost as short as at the tiiiie of exclusion. 



THE PUPAL AND IMAGINAL WINCS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 



By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN. 



Mr. Tutt has very kindly sent me a proof of his remarks and record 

 of the observations he has made on this subject. As I have not yet come 

 to any final conclusion on the subject, I ought, perhaps, to have kept 



* Since writing the above, observations on V. io at the point of emergence 

 show that in this species the imaginal wing is apparently ahnost exactly identical 

 in its limits with " Poulton's line," a series of pale lunules appearing at the 

 edge. Arresting, however, the development just previous to emergence, I find 

 these lunules agree with the row of indistinct lunules (seen clearly on the 

 underside during the expansion) before the outer margin, and that the extreme 

 outer margin is bent down and folded exactly as in c-album. The same falling 

 over of the outer margin also is seen on emergence, and there is scarcely any 

 trace of angles to the wings at the moment of exclusion the margins (of the fore 

 wings especially) being almost entire. The agreement of the enclosed imaginal 

 wing with " Poulton's line " is, therefore, apparent only, not real.— J. W. T. 



