THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 317 



basis, he constituted eighteen named genera, and gave a diagram of the 

 neuration of each. Speaking in the Hght of present opinions, his genera 

 ■are all homogeneous, with the single exception that he did not 

 differentiate Iticina from the Melitaeas, but, as we shall see, the true 

 relations of this species remained long unrecognised. In many points 

 he reached conclusions which were not generally arrived at till long 

 after ; thus he established separate genera for rhamni, cardamines, 

 sinapis and cratcegi, and distinguished malixe and f.a(je.'< from the other 

 skippers. In the Vienna Catalogue (177G) the butterflies are placed 

 after the moths. The authors of this work based their scheme of 

 classification on the characters of the larvae. They ci-eated two main 

 groups, the first coxnjirising the species with ordinary-shaped larvse, 

 and the second those with woodlouse-shajaed larvae. The first group 

 was divided into eleven sections, as follows : — 1. Skippers; 2. Apollo; 

 ■3. Swallow-tails; 4. Whites ; 5. Yellows ; 6. Satyrs; 7. Iris; 8. Sibylla; 

 9. Vanessas ; 10. Argynnes ; 11. Melita^as with lucina. Their second 

 group was divided into three sections, corresponding to the Coppers, 

 Blues and Hair-streaks. The entire dissociation of the Skippers from 

 the Lycaiuids in this scheme is in marked contrast with their close 

 approximation by Linnteus, whilst the differentiation of the Blues 

 from the Coppers was not generally adopted till a much later period. 

 In 1777 Scopoli published An Introdnction to Natural History, in which 

 he arranged the butterflies in six named classes, many of which were 

 ■divided into sub-classes indicated by letters. His basis was the wing- 

 markings, but his result was a veritable " reductio ad absurdum " ; 

 iris and pamphilm are together in one sub-class, machaoii and qaercus in 

 another, brassicce, antiopa, sibylla and malcce in a third, and rhamni, 

 argiolus, rubi, phkeas and tages in a fourth. In 1788 with Borkhausen 

 we return to j^aths of common sense. He created six Hordes or Tribes. 

 The first of these, corresponding to the Nymj^halids, was divided into 

 four families, of which the first corresponds to the Vanessas with iris 

 and sibylla, the second to Argynnis, the third to Melitwa and the fourth 

 to the Satyrs. The second Horde comprised two families, the first 

 containing the Swallow-tails, and the second apollo ; his third Horde 

 contained no European species ; the fourth contained the Whites and 

 Yellows ; the fifth comprised the Lyca^nids and had three families, one 

 for the Hair-streaks, another for the Coppers, and a third for the 

 Blues, which were divided into two lines ; his last Horde was composed 

 of the Skippers. 



With Fabricius we arrive at one of the marked epochs of the 

 history. In his earlier works he followed the arrangement of Linnajus, 

 with the exception that he divided Heliconii into two groups, retaining 

 the name for the first and giving to the second, in which he jjlaced 

 apollo and cratcegi, the name Parnassii. In 1793 in the Entotnologia 

 Systematica, however, he made a separate genus for the Lycajnids and 

 Skippei's, giving to it the name Hesperia ; he also revised the groups of 

 Papilio and added the group Satyri, in which he placed the Satyrs 

 together with sibylla and the Melit.-Bas. Before his death he had 

 prepared a much more elaborate scheme of classification under the title 

 of Systema Glossatoruin, but it is doubtful whether this was ever 

 published, and our knowledge of its contents is derived from the 

 abstract of it which appeared in llligers Magazine in 1807, and of 

 which there is a translation in The Philosophical Magazine for February, 



